A synergistic formula of 10 rainforest botanicals which have been traditionally used in South America for colds and flu.* For more information on the individual ingredients in Amazon C-F, follow the links provided below to the plant database files in the Tropical Plant Database. More information can also be found in the new Antimicrobial Guide and Leslie Taylor's blog on this formula.

Ingredients: A proprietary blend of cat's claw, culen, amor seco, cumaseba, fedegoso, picão preto, mullaca, clavillia, simarouba, Brazilian peppertree, gervâo, guaco, ajos sacha, and bitter melon extracted in distilled water and vegetable glycerine. To prepare this natural remedy yourself: use three parts picao preto, and 1 part each of the remaining herbs in the list. To make a small amount... "1 part" could be one tablespoon (you'd have 16 tablespoons of the blended herbal formula). For larger amounts, use "1 part" as one ounce or one cup or one pound. Combine all the herbs together well. The herbal mixture can then be stuffed into capsules or brewed into tea, stirred into juice or other liquid, or taken however you'd like. To make this into an extract, prepare a Strong Decoction using the instructions show on the Making Herbal Remedies page, and add half as much vegetable glycerine or honey as the volume you have of the finished decoction. (example: if you had 1 cup of strong decoction after filtering, add 1/2 cup of honey or glycerine). Mix well and store in the refrigerator.

Suggested Use: Take 10 drops for every 20 pounds in body weight, 2-3 times daily for the extract. Use 1 tsp powdered herb to make a cup of tea/infusion 2-3 times daily.
Contraindications: Not to be used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
Other Practitioner Observations: This formula contains plants that have demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties in laboratory studies.* Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable when this product is used for longer than 15 days.

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Third-Party Published Research*

This rainforest formula has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)

Cat's claw has been documented to boost the immune system to help fight viruses and bacteria naturally and it has it's own antimicrobial actions as well.
Yunis-Aguinaga, J., et al. "Uncaria tomentosa increases growth and immune activity in Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae." Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2015 Nov; 47(1): 630-8.
Lima-Junior, R., et al. "Uncaria tomentosa alkaloidal fraction reduces paracellular permeability, IL-8 and NS1 production on human microvascular endothelial cells infected with dengue virus." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013 Nov; 8(11): 1547-50.
Herrera, D., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and substantivity of Uncaria tomentosa in infected root canal dentin." Braz. Oral Res. 2016; 30(1): e61.
Caon, T., et al. "Antimutagenic and antiherpetic activities of different preparations from Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw)." Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Apr; 66: 30-5.
Herrera, D., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of phytotherapic Uncaria tomentosa against endodontic pathogens." J Oral Sci. 2010 Sep;52(3):473-6.
Chen, X., et al. "Effects of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on nitric oxide and endothelin-1 secretion from RIMECs induced by Listeriolysin o in vitro." Vet. Microbiol. 2009 Nov 26.
Reis, S., et al. "Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of Uncaria tomentosa on human monocytes infected with Dengue Virus-2." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008; 8(3): 468-76.
Ccahuana-Vasquez, R., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Uncaria tomentosa against oral human pathogens." Braz. Oral Res. 2007 Jan-Mar; 21(1): 46-50.
Kloucek, P., et al. "Antibacterial screening of some Peruvian medicinal plants used in Calleria District." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jun; 99(2): 309-12.
Garcia, R., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of isopteropodine." Z. Naturforsch. 2005; 60(5-6): 385-8.
Eberlin, S., et al. "Uncaria tomentosa extract increases the number of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2005; 5(7-8): 1235-46.
Aquino, R., et al. "Plant metabolites. Structure and in vitro antiviral activity of quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa and Guettarda platypoda." J. Nat. Prod. 1989; 4(52): 679-85.

Culen

Culen is used traditionally in South America for cold, flu, coughs and upper respiratory infections and problems. Culen contains a significant amount of a plant chemical called psoralen. Psoralen has shown in many studies to possess very strong antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial actions.
Li, X., et al. "New application of psoralen and angelicin on periodontitis with anti-bacterial, Anti-inflammatory, and osteogenesis effects. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2018 Jun; 8: 178.
Schneider, K., et al. "Psoralen inactivation of viruses: a process for the safe manipulation of viral antigen and nucleic acid." Viruses. 2015 Nov; 7(11): 5875-88.
Madrid, A., et al. "Antiphytopathogenic (anti-fungal/anti-mold) ctivity of Psoralea glandulosa (Fabaceae) against Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora cinnamomi." Nat. Prod. Res. 2015; 29(6): 586-8.
Nordin, A., et al. "Assessment of antifungal activity of bakuchiol on oral-associated Candida spp." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015; 2015: 918624.
Madrid, A., et al. "Antifungal study of the resinous exudate and of meroterpenoids isolated from Psoralea glandulosa (Fabaceae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Dec; 144(3): 809-11.
Stein S., et al. "Sensing adenovirus infection: activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 in RAW 264.7 cells. J. Virol. 2012 Apr; 86(8): 4527-37.
Lau, K., et al. "Two antifungal components isolated from Fructus Psoraleae and Folium Eucalypti Globuli by bioassay-guided purification." Am. J. Chin. Med. 2010; 38(5): 1005-14.
Zhang, B., et al. "Structural modification of a specific antimicrobial lead against Helicobacter pylori discovered from traditional Chinese medicine and a structure-activity relationship study." Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010 Nov; 45(11): 5258-64.
Hsu, P., et al. "Bakuchiol, an antibacterial component of Psoralidium tenuiflorum." Nat. Prod. Res. 2009; 23(8): 781-8.
Newton, S., et al. "The evaluation of forty-three plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities; Isolation of active contituents from Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79(1): 57-67.
Katsura, H., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activities of bakuchiol against oral microorganisms." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45(11): 3009-3013.
Rao, P. N. "Prospecting plant aids in AIDS management." Curr. Sci. 2000 May; 78(10): 56-58.
Erazo, S., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Psoralea glandulosa L." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997; 35(5): 385-387.
Noronha, R., et al. "Composition for skin care containing a combination of bakuchiol and pyridinecarboxaldehyde." German Patent, 1985. Ger Offen #3,417,234.
Redfield, D., et al. "Psoralen inactivation of influenza and Herpes simplex viruses and of virus-infected cells. Infect Immun. 1981 Jun; 32(3): 1216-26.
Prikhod'ko, V., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the antibiotic bakuchiol." Mikrobiol. Zh. (Kiev) 1980; 42(5): 646-650.
Prikhod'ko, V., et al. "Study of the antimicrobial properties of bakuchiol in in vitro experiments." Mikrobiol. Zh. (Kiev) 1979; 41(4): 400-403.
Bondarenko, A., et al. "Psoralea drupacea as a promising source of the antibiotic bakuchiol." Rast. Resur. 1977; 460-473.
Kaul, R. "Kinetics of the antistaphylococcal activity of bakuchiol in vitro." Arzneim-Forsch. 1976; (26): 486-513.
Bondarenko, A., et al. "Extraction from Psoralea drupaccea of bakuchiol and its antimicrobial activity." Tr. Sezda. Mikrobiol. Ukr. 4th ed. (Ed Zatula Dg) "Naukova Duma" Kiev USSR (1975) pp. 208.
Bondarenko, A., et al. "Antimicrobial and antiviral activity of essential oil from Psoralea drupacea

Amor Seco (Desmodium adscendens)

Amor Seco's traditional uses for asthma and bronchitis and been verified by the research cited below.
Lu, Y., et al "Vitexin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by controlling the Nrf2 pathway." PLoS One. 2018 Apr; 13(4): e0196405.
Venturini, C., et al. "Vitexin inhibits inflammation in murine ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 Jan; 97:143-151.
Kaczorowski, G. "Developing molecular pharmacology of BK channels for therapeutic benefit." Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2016; 128: 439-75.
Irié-N'guessan, G., et al. "Tracheal relaxation of five Ivorian anti-asthmatic plants: role of epithelium and K⁺ channels in the effect of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Dichrostachys cinerea root bark." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov; 138(2): 432-8.
Rastogi, S., et al. "An ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. and Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun; 136(2): 283-96.
Lee, J., et al. "D-pinitol regulates Th1/Th2 balance via suppressing Th2 immune response in ovalbumin-induced asthma." FEBS Lett. 2007 Jan; 581(1): 57-64.
Barreto, G. "Effect of butanolic fraction of Desmodium adscendens on the anococcygeus of the rat." Braz. J. Biol. 2002; 62(2): 223-30.
Addy, M., et al. "Dose-response effects of Desmodium adscendens aqueous extract on histamine response, content and anaphylactic reactions in the guinea pig." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 18(1): 13-20.
Addy, M., et al. "An extract of Desmodium adscendens activates cyclooxygenase and increases prostaglandin synthesis by ram seminal vesicle microsomes." Phytother. Res. 1995; 9(4): 287-93.
McManus, O., et al. "An activator of calcium-dependent potassium channels isolated from a medicinal herb." Biochemistry. 1993; 32(24): 6128-33.
Addy, M., et al. "Some secondary plant metabolites in Desmodium adscendens and their effects on arachidonic acid metabolism." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 1992; 47(1): 85-91.
Boye, G., et al. "Plants and traditional medicine in Ghana." Economic and Medicinal Plant Research 4 1990. Devon, England: Academic Press Ltd.: 33-4.
Addy, M., et al. "Effect of Desmodium adscendens fraction 3 on contractions of respiratory smooth muscle." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990; 29(3): 325-35.
Addy, M., et al. "Effect of Desmodium adscendens fraction F1 (DAFL) on tone and agonist-induced contractions of guinea pig airway smooth muscle." Phytother. Res. 1989; 3(3): 85-90.
Addy, M., et al. "Several chromatographically distinct fractions of Desmodium adscendens inhibit smooth muscle contractions." Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1989; 27(2): 81-91.
Addy, M., et al. "Effect of Desmodium adscendens fractions on antigen- and arachidonic acid-induced contractions of guinea pig airways." Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1987; 66(6): 820-25.
Addy, M., et al. "Dose-response effect of one subfraction of Desmodium adscendens aqueous extract on antigen- and arachidonic acid-induced contractions of guinea pig airways." Phytother. Res. 1987; 1(4): 180-86.
Addy, M., et al. "Effects of the extracts of Desmodium adscendens on anaphylaxis." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1984; 11(3): 283-92.

Cumaseba (Swartzia polyphylla)

Cumaseba has traditionally been used for for colds, flu, tuberculosis and other upper respiratory bacterial infections. Scientific research is beginning to validate these natural remedy uses. Some research cited belowe has attributed cumaseba's antiviral action against the influenza virus to flavonoid chemicals found in cumaseba.
Sithisarn, P., et al. "Differential antiviral and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the flavonoids biochanin A and baicalein in H5N1 influenza A virus-infected cells." Antiviral Res. 2012 Oct 23.
Rojas, R., et al. "Anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of Peruvian plants." Plant Med. 2004: 101.
Rojas, R., et al. "Larvicidal, antimycobacterial and antifungal compounds from the bark of the Peruvian plant Swartzia polyphylla DC." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006; 54(2): 278-279.
Herforth, A., et al. "Antifungal plants of the Peruvian Amazon: A survey of ethnomedical uses and biological activity." Cornel University Publication 2002.
Osawa, K., et al. "Isoflavanones from the heartwood of Swartzia polyphylla and their antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992; 40(11): 2970-2974.
Du Bois, J. L., et al. "Dihydrolicoisoflavone, a new isoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla." J. Nat. Prod. 1995: 58(4): 629-632.

Fedegoso (Cassia occidentalis)

Fedegoso has been documented with antibacterial actions in the research cited below. One study also reports fedegoso stimulates immune function.
Li, S., and Li S., Cycloartane triterpenoid and its glucoside isolated from Cassia occidentalis." Chin J Nat Med. 2017 Dec; 15(12): 950-954.
Bhagat, M., et al. "Evaluation of Cassia occidentalis for in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines and antibacterial activity." Indian J. Pharmacol. 2010 Aug; 42(4): 234-7.
Li, S., et al. "Cycloartane triterpenoids from Cassia occidentalis." Planta Med. 2012 May; 78(8): 821-7.
Evans C., et al. "Efficacy of some nupe medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi: an in vitro study." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr; 80(1): 21-4.
Samy, R., et al. "Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1): 63-71.
Anesini, C., et al. "Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 119-28.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Hussain, H., et al. "Plants in Kano ethomedicine: screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1991; 29(1): 51-6.
Gaind, K., et al. "Antibiotic activity of Cassia occidentalis." Indian J. Pharmacy 1966; 28(9): 248-50.

Picão Preto (Bidens pilosa)

Picão preto has been documented with actions against bacteria, viruses and mycobacteria.
Gomez, A., et al. "Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic metabolites from native plants of northwest Argentina: isolation, identification and potential for control of Aspergillus species." Nat. Prod. Res. 2019 Jan 19: 1-4.
Nobela, O., et al. "Efficient discrimination of natural stereoisomers of chicoric acid, an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor."J. Photochem. Photobiol B. 2018 Dec; 189: 258-266.
Shandukani, P., et al. "Antibacterial activity and in situ efficacy of Bidens pilosa Linn and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn extracts against common diarrhoea-causing waterborne bacteria." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018 Jun; 18(1):171.
Singh, G., et al. "Pharmacological potential of Bidens pilosa L. and determination of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-QqQ(LIT)-MS/MS and GC/MS."BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017 Nov 16; 17(1): 492.
Chung, C., et al. "Data on the effect of Cytopiloyne against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice."Data Brief. 2016 Mar 17; 7: 995-998.
Kouitcheu Mabeku, L., et al. "In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter activities of Eryngium foetidum (Apiaceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), and Galinsoga ciliata (Asteraceae) against Helicobacter pylori."Biomed. Res. Int. 2016; 2016: 2171032.
Gbashi, S., et al. "The effect of temperature and methanol-water mixture on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of anti-HIV analogoues from Bidens pilosa." Chem. Cent. J. 2016 Jun; 10(1): 37.
Njume, C., et al. "Studies on bioactivity and secondary metabolites of crude extracts of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): A medicinal plant used in the Transkei region of South Africa." Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016 May; 29(3): 877-85.
Chung, C., et al. "Cytopiloyne, a polyacetylenic glucoside from Bidens pilosa, acts as a novel anticandidal agent via regulation of macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 May; 184:72-80.
Chang, C., et al. "Beneficial effect of Bidens pilosa on body weight gain, food conversion ratio, gut bacteria and coccidiosis in chickens."PLoS One. 2016 Jan; 11(1): e0146141.
Nguta, J., et al. "Medicinal plants used to treat TB in Ghana."Int. J. Mycobacteriol. 2015 Jun; 4(2): 116-23.
Brandelli, C., et al. "Medicinal plants used by a Mbyá-Guarani tribe against infections: activity on KPC-Producing isolates and biofilm-forming bacteria."Nat. Prod. Commun. 2015 Nov; 10(11): 1847-52.
Ocheng, F., et al. "Essential oils from Ugandan aromatic medicinal plants: chemical composition and growth inhibitory effects on oral pathogens. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015; 2015:230832. 
Silva, J., et al. "In vitro screening antibacterial activity of Bidens pilosa Linné and Annona crassiflora Mart. against oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) from the aerial environment at the dental clinic."Rev. Inst. Med. Trop.. 2014 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 333-40.
Chavasco, J., et al. "Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of plant extracts from southern Minas Gerais cerrado."Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2014 Jan-Feb; 56(1): 13-20.
Liu, J., et al. "Effect of floral sources on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honeys in Taiwan."Food Chem. 2013 Aug; 139(1-4): 938-43.
Nakama, S., et al. "Efficacy of Bidens pilosa Extract against Herpes Simplex Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo." Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:413453.
Adedapo, A., et al. "Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa and Chenopodium album." Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Jan-Feb;68(1):83-92.
Tobinaga, S., et al. "Isolation and identification of a potent antimalarial and antibacterial polyacetylene from Bidens pilosa." Planta Med. 2009 May;75(6):624-8.
Rojas, J. J., et al. "Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006 Feb; 6(1): 2.
Khan, M. R., et al. "Anti-microbial activity of Bidens pilosa, Bischofia javanica, Elmerillia papuana and Sigesbekia orientalis." Fitoterapia. 2001; 72(6): 662-65.
Chariandy, C. M., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants from Trinidad and Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 64(3): 265-70.
Rabe, T. "Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 56(1): 81-7.
van Puyvelde, L., et al. "In vitro inhibition of mycobacteria by Rwandese medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1994; 8(2): 65-9.
Desta, B. "Ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. Part II: Antimicrobial activity of 63 medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 129-39.
Sarg, T. M., et al. "Constituents and biological activity of Bidens pilosa l grown in Egypt." Acta. Pharm. Hung. 1991; 61(6): 317-23.
Geissberger, P., et al. "Constituents of Bidens pilosa L.: do the components found so far explain the use of this plant in traditional medicine?" Acta Trop. 1991; 48(4): 251-61.
Hudson, J. B., et al. "Investigation of the antiviral action of the photoactive compound phenylheptatriyne." Photochem. Photobiol. 1986; 43(1): 27-33.
Boily, Y., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (central Africa) for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986; 16(1): 1-13.
Bondarenko, A. S., et al. "The antimicrobial properties of the polyacetylene antibiotic phenylheptatriyne." Mikrobiol. Zh. 1985; 47(2): 81-3.
Hudson, J. B., et al. "Nature of the interaction between the photoactive compound phenylheptatriyne and animal viruses." Photochem. Photobiol. 1982; 36(2): 181-85.
Arnason, T., et al. "Photosensitization of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by phenylheptatriyne from Bidens pilosa." Can. J. Microbiol. 1980; 26(6): 698-705.

Mullaca (Physalis angulata)

Mullaca has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobal actions agains numerous pathogens (bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, viruses).
Gibson, K., et al. "Isolation and characterization of a bactericidal withanolide from Physalis virginiana." Pharmacogn Mag. 2012 Jan; 8(29): 22-8.
Osho, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Physalis angulata. L." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2010; 7(4): 303-6.
Silva, M., et al. "Studies on antimicrobial activity, in vitro, of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) fraction and physalin B bringing out the importance of assay determination." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2005 Nov; 100(7): 779-82.
Hwang, J., et al. "Anticariogenic activity of some tropical medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans." Fitoterapia. 2004 Sep; 75(6): 596-8.
Pietro, R., et al. "In vitro antimycobacterial activities of Physalis angulata L." Phytomedicine 2000; 7(4): 335-38.
Januario, A., et al. "Antimycobacterial physalins from Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae)." Phytother. Res. 2002; 16(5): 445-48.
Hussain, H., et al. "Plants in Kano ethnomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids." Int. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 29(1): 51-56.
Otake, T., et al. "Screening of Indonesian plant extracts for anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 (HIV-1) Activity." Phytother. Res. 1995; 9(1): 6-10.
Kurokawa, M., et al. "Antiviral traditional medicines against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), polio virus, and measles virus in vitro and their therapeutic efficacies for HSV-1 infection in mice." Antiviral Res. 1993; 22(2/3): 175-88.
Kusumoto, I., et al. "Screening of some Indonesian medicinal plants for inhibitory effects on HIV-1 protease." Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1992; 46(2): 190-93.
Ogunlana, E., et al. "Investigations into the antibacterial activities of local plants." Planta Med. 1975; 27: 354.

Clavillia (Mirabilis jalapa)

Clavillia's antiviral actions come from a group of chemicals called Mirabilis Antiviral Proteins or MAP. One study reports clavillia's antihistimine actions.
Singh, S., et al. "Boeravinone B, a novel dual inhibitor of nora bacterial efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus and human p-glycoprotein, reduces the biofilm formation and intracellular invasion of bacteria." Front. Microbiol. 2017 Oct; 8: 1868.
Gogoi, J., et al. "Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from Mirabilis jalapa L. radix." J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2015 Jan; 6(1): 41-7.
Michalet, S., "N-caffeoylphenalkylamide derivatives as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007 Mar; 17(6): 1755-8.
Bolognesi, A. et al. "Ribosome-inactivating and adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activities in Mirabilis jalapa L. tissues." J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277(16) 13709-16.
Yang, S. W., et al. "Three new phenolic compounds from a manipulated plant cell culture, Mirabilis jalapa." J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(3): 313-17.
Vivanco, J. M., et al. "Characterization of two novel type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the storage roots of the Andean crop Mirabilis expansa." Plant Physiol. 1999; 119(4): 1447-56.
Dimayuga, R. E., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants from Baja California Sur (Mexico)." Pharmaceutical Biol. 1998; 36(1): 33-43.
De Bolle, M. F., et al. "Antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa and Amarantus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco." Plant Mol. Biol. 1996; 31(5): 993-1008.
Kataoka, J., et al. "Adenine depurination and inactivation of plant ribosomes by an antiviral protein of Mirabilis jalapa (MAP)." Plant Mol. Biol. 1992; 20(6): 111-19.
Wong, R. N., et al. "Characterization of Mirabilis antiviral protein—a ribosome inactivating protein from Mirabilis jalapa L." Biochem. Int. 1992; 28(4): 585-93.
Cammue, B. P., et al. "Isolation and characterization of a novel class of plant antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa L. seeds." J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267(4): 2228-33.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnophamacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Kusamba, C., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa seed powder." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 35(2): 197-99.
Caceres, A., et al. "Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 20(3): 223-37.

Simarouba (Simarouba amara)

Simarouba has been doucmented with anti-viral actions in the research cited below.
Tan, Q., et al. "Anti-tobacco mosaic virus quassinoids from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018 Jul 18; 66(28): 7347-7357.
Mathew, J., et al. "Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extract of Annona muricata and Simarouba glauca on Enterococcus faecalis." J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2016 Aug; 17(8): 650-3.
Sanna, G., et al. "Limonoids from Melia azedarach fruits as inhibitors of flaviviruses and Mycobacterium tubercolosis." PLoS One. 2015 Oct; 10(10): e0141272. (melianone showed a potent antiviral activity (EC50: 3-11μM) against West Nile, dengue and Yellow Fever)
Violante, I., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from the Cerrado of the central western region of Brazil." Braz. J. Microbiol. 2012 Oct; 43(4): 1302-8.
Valdes, A., et al. "In vitro anti-microbial activity of the Cuban medicinal plants Simarouba glauca DC, Melaleuca leucadendron L and Artemisia absinthium L." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 Sep; 103(6): 615-8.
Apers, S., et al. "Antiviral activity of simalikalactone D, a quassinoid from Quassia africana." Planta Med. 2002 Jan; 68(1):20-4.
Morre, D., et al. "Effect of the quassinoids glaucarubolone and simalikalactone D on growth of cells permanently infected with feline and human immunodeficiency viruses and on viral infections." Life Sci. 1998; 62(3): 213-9.
Rahman, S., et al. "Anti-tuberculosis activity of quassinoids." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997; 45(9): 1527-9.
Kaif-A-Kamb, M., et al. "Search for new antiviral agents of plant origin." Pharm. Acta Helv. 1992; 67(5-6): 130-147.
Caceres, A. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990; 30(1): 55-73.
May, G., et al. "Antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from medicinal plants in tissue cultures." Arzneim-Forsch 1978; 28(1): 1-7.

Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus molle)

Brazillian peppertree has been studied extensively and patented for the broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions it provides.
do Prado, A., et al. "Schinus molle essential oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds: antifungal and antibacterial properties." J. Appl. Microbiol. 2019 Feb; 126(2): 516-522.
Arpini, C., et al. "Purpuriocillium lilacinum infection in captive loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2018 Oct 25;23:8-11.
Mummed, B., et al. "In vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants in the traditional treatment of skin and wound infections in eastern Ethiopia." Biomed. Res. Int. 2018 Jul; 2018: 1862401.
Salem, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of extracted bioactive molecules of Schinus terebinthifolius ripened fruits against some pathogenic bacteria." Microb. Pathog. 2018 Jul; 120: 119-127.
Ennigrou, A., et al. "Assessing the fatty acid, essential oil composition, their radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves and twigs." J. Food Sci.Technol. 2018 Apr; 55(4): 1582-1590.
da Silva, J. , et al. "Anti-Escherichia coli activity of extracts from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits and leaves." Nat. Prod. Res. 2018 Jun; 32(11): 1365-1368.
Cairo, P., et al. "Effects of dietary supplementation of red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil on performance, small intestinal morphology and microbial counts of weanling pigs." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018 Jan; 98(2): 541-548.
Nocchi, S., et al. "In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-Herpes simplex virus type 1 activity of hydroethanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds from stem bark of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi." Pharmacogn. Mag. 2016 Apr-Jun; 12(46): 160-4.
Elshafie, H., et al. "An in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus Schinus." J. Med. Food. 2016 Mar; 19(3): 266-73.
D'Sousa' Costa, C., et al. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil." Pharmacogn Mag. 2015 Jul-Sep;11(43):607-14.
Cole, E., et al. "Chemical composition of essential oil from ripe fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and evaluation of its activity against wild strains of hospital origin." Braz. J. Microbiol. 2014 Oct; 45(3): 821-8.
Melo, M., et al. "Alcohol extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) as a local antimicrobial agent in severe autogenously fecal peritonitis in rats." Acta Cir. Bras. 2014; 29 Suppl 1: 52-6.
Vieira, D., et al. "Plant species used in dental diseases: ethnopharmacology aspects and antimicrobial activity evaluation." J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Sep 29;155(3):1441-9.
Barbieri, D., et al. "Antiadherent activity of Schinus terebinthifolius and Croton urucurana extracts on in vitro biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans." Arch. Oral Biol. 2014 Sep; 59(9): 887-96.
Martins, Mdo R., et al. "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 151(1): 485-92.
Freires Ide, A., et al. "A randomized clinical trial of Schinus terebinthifolius mouthwash to treat biofilm-induced gingivitis." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 873907.
Guerra-Boone L., et al. "Chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from Magnolia grandiflora, Chrysactinia mexicana, and Schinus molle found in northeast Mexico." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013 Jan; 8(1): 135-8.
Gomes, F., et al. "Antimicrobial lectin from Schinus terebinthifolius leaf." J Appl Microbiol. 2012 Nov 28.
Rocha, P., et al. "Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Aguaribay (Schinus molle L.)." Molecules. 2012 Oct 12;17(10):12023-36.
Montanari, R., et al. "Exposure to Anacardiaceae volatile oils and their constituents induces lipid peroxidation within food-borne bacteria cells." Molecules. 2012 Aug 14;17(8):9728-40
Moura-Costa, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of plants used as medicinals on an indigenous reserve in Rio das Cobras, Paraná, Brazil." J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Sep 28;143(2):631-8.
Leite, S., et al. "Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the vaginal use of metronidazole with a Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus) extract for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis." Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011 Mar;44(3):245-52
Johann, S., et al. "Antifungal activity of schinol and a new biphenyl compound isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius against the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis." Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010 Oct 12;9:30.
Pereira, E., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry." Planta Med. 2011 Mar;77(4):401-4.
Salazar-Aranda, R., et al. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plants from Northeast of Mexico" Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 536139.
Salazar-Aranda, R., et al. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plants from Northeast of Mexico." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2009 Sep 21.
El-Massry, K., et al. "Chemical compositions and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of various samples prepared from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves cultivated in Egypt." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009 Jun; 57(12): 5265-70.
Hayouni el, A., et al. "Tunisian Salvia officinalis L. and Schinus molle L. essential oils: their chemical compositions and their preservative effects against Salmonella inoculated in minced beef meat." Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008 Jul; 125(3): 242-51.
Molina-Salinas, G., et al. "Evaluation of the flora of Northern Mexico for in vitro antimicrobial and antituberculosis activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Aug 23;
de Lima, M. R., et al. "Anti-bacterial activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr; 105(1-2): 137-47.
Schmourlo, G., et al. "Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan; 96(3): 563-8.
de Carvalho, M. C. "Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)." Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2003; 42(3): 185-91.
de Melo, Jr., E. J., et al. "Medicinal plants in the healing of dry socket in rats: Microbiological and microscopic analysis." Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(2): 109-16.
Quiroga, E. N., et al. "Screening antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 74(1): 89-96.
Camano, R. "Essential oil composition with bactericide activity." United States patent 5,635,184; June 3, 1997.
Camano, R. "Method for treating bacterial infections." United States patent 5,512,284; April 30, 1996.
Martinez, M. J., et al. "Screening of some Cuban medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(3): 171-74.
Cuella, M. J., et al. "Two fungal lanostane derivatives as phospholipase A2 inhibitors." J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(10): 977-79.
Gundidza, M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Schinus molle Linn." Central African J. Med. 1993; 39(11): 231-34.
Dikshit, A. "Schinus molle: a new source of natural fungitoxicant." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986; 51(5): 1085-88.
El-Keltawi, N., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants." Herba Pol. 1980; 26(4): 245-50.
Ross, S., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants." Fitoterapia. 1980; 51: 201-5.
Simons, J., et al. "Succulent-type as sources of plant virus inhibitors." Phytopathology. 1963; 53: 677-83.

Gervâo (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis)

Gervao's traditional uses for colds and flu might be validated by the bronchodilator and antihistamine glycoside chemicals found in the plant. Gervao has also shown strong antibacterial and good antiviral actions as well.
Pérez Zamora, C., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from Verbenaceae species growing in South America." Molecules. 2018 Mar; 23(3).
Lee, J., et al. "Anti-asthmatic effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Clerodendron trichotomum leaves and Rumex gmelini herbes in conscious guinea-pigs challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin." Phytomedicine. 2011 Jan; 18(2-3): 134-42.
Olwu, D., et al. "Isolation and characterization of steroidal glycosides from the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Linn Vahl." Der Chemica. Sinica. 2010; 1 (2): 6-14.
Lee, J., et al. "The effect of acteoside on histamine release and arachidonic acid release in RBL-2H3 mast cells." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006 Jun; 29(6): 508-13.
Hazekamp, A., et al. "Isolation of a bronchodilator flavonoid from the Thai medicinal plant Clerodendrum petasites." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78(1): 45-9.
Liew, P., et al. "Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl: from traditional usage to pharmacological evidence." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016; 2016: 7842340.
Zhao, X., et al. "Verbascoside alleviates pneumococcal pneumonia by reducing pneumolysin oligomers." Mol. Pharmacol. 2016 Mar; 89(3): 376-87
Song, X., et al. "The antiviral effects of acteoside and the underlying IFN-γ-inducing action." Food Funct. 2016 Jul; 7(7): 3017-30.
Ruma, O., et al. "Determination of secondary metabolites and antibacterial property of extract from the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl," J. Med. Plants Stud. 2015; 3(4) 79–81.
Khazir, J., et al. "Enzyme mediated-transesterification of verbascoside and evaluation of antifungal activity of synthesised compounds." Nat. Prod. Res. 2015; 29(8): 727-34.
Mohammed, M., et al. "Bioactive caffeic glycoside ester and antimicrobial activity of various extracts from the leaf of Stachytarpheta angustifolia Mill Vahl (Verbenaceae)." J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. 2013; 2 (3): 77-85.
Princely, S., et al. "Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Stachytarpheta indica L. (Vahl.)." Med. Plants. 2013; 5(2): 96–101.
Ramakrishnan, K., et al. "Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies on stem of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) Vahl." Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013; 4(10): 44–47.
Suneetha, P., et al. "Comparative studies on antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy from Bixa orellana L., Lantana camara L., Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.)Vahl., Hyptis auaveolens (L.) Poit. with triclosan," CIBTech J. Microbio. 2013; 2(2): 15–23.
Thomas, R., et al. "Antifungal activity of Verbenaceae." Biosci. Biotech. Res. Asia. 2013; 10(1): 355–360.
Martins, F., et al. "Verbascoside isolated from Lepechinia speciosa has inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2009 Dec; 4(12): 1693-6.
Okwu, D., et al. "Isolation, characterisation and antibacterial activity of lanostane triterpenoid from the leaves of Stachyterpheta jamaicensis Linn Vahl," Der. Pharma. Chemica. 2009; 1(2): 32–39.
Meena, R., et al. "Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and preliminary phytochemical studies on whole plant of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) Vahl." Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2011; 2(3): 234-239.
Iroha, I., et al. "Screening for anti-typhoid activity of some medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Ebonyi state, Nigeria." Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2010; 4(12): 860–864.
Viccini, L., et al. "Ipolamiide and fulvoipolamiide from Stachytarpheta glabra (Verbenaceae): A structural and spectroscopic characterization." J. Mol. Struct. 2008; 875(1): 27-31.
Sasidharan, S., et al. "Antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activities of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves," Ind. J. Pharmacol. 2007; 39(5): 245–248.
Rigano, D., et al. "Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids from Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum." Phytother. Res. 2007 Apr; 21(4): 395-7.
Idu, M., et al., "Preliminary phytochemistry, antimicrobial properties and acute toxicity of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. leaves." Trends Med. Res. 2007; 2(4): 193-198.
Brasileiro, B., et al. "Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities screening of some Brazilian medicinal plants used in Governador Valadares district." Rev. Bras. Sci. Pharm. 2006; 42(2): 195–202.
Woradulayapinij, W., et al. "In vitro HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of Thai medicinal plants and Canna indica L. rhizomes," J. Ethnopharmcol. 2005; 101(1–3) 84–89.
Bermejo, P., et al. "Antiviral activity of seven iridoids, three saikosaponins and one phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Bupleurum rigidum and Scrophularia scorodonia." Planta Med. 2002; 68(2): 106-10.
Didry, N., et al. "Isolation and antibacterial activity of phenylpropanoid derivatives from Ballota nigra." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67(2): 197-202.
Chariandy, C., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants from Trinidad and Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 64(3): 265-70.

Ajos Sacha (Mansoa alliacea)

Ajos sacha has been reported with antimicrobial actions against fungi, plant viruses, and bacteria. This plant has also been widely used in the Amazon for colds and flu.
Santos, A., et al. "Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A. H. Gentry, do Acará, Pará, Brasil." In: Souza-Filho A., et al. "Cipó-d'alho:
aspectos botânicos, químicos e moléculas bioativas. Brasília: Embrapa; 2012. p. 157-65.
Araújo, N., "In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on microorganisms related to injury of oral mucositis." Dissertação, Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010.
Zoghbi, M., et al. "The genus Mansoa (Bignoniaceae): A source of organosulfur compounds. Braz. J. Pharmacog. 2009; 19: 795-804.
Chirunthorn, R., et al. "Study on biological activities of Mansao hymenaea (DC.) A. Gentry leaf extracts." Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2005; 27(Suppl. 2): 489-495.
Canapaty, S., et al. "Composition of leaf oil from Adenocalymma alliaceum and its antimicrobial activity." Indian Perfumer. 2004; 48(3): 323-329.
Rana, B., et al. "Antifungal activity of an aqueous extract of leaves of garlic creeper (Adenocaymma alliaceum Miers.)." Pharma. Biol. 1999; 37(1):. 13-16.
Freixa, B., et al. Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen Latin American plants." Phytother. Res. 1998; 12: 27-43.
Ushamalini, C., et al. "Management of charcoal rot of cowpea using biocontrol agents and plant products." Indian Phytopathol. 1997; 50(4): 504-507.
Ushamalini, C., et al. "Suppression of charcoal rot and wilt pathogens of cowpea by botanicals." Plant Disease Research 1997; 12(2): 113-117.
Rao, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of Adenocalymma alliaceum." Indian Drugs. 1985: 22(7): 364-365.
Khurana, S., et al. "Effect of plant extracts on the activity of three papaya viruses." J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1970; 16: 225-230.

Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)

Bitter melon's antiviral and antibacterial actions have been reported in numerous studies.
Offor, U., et al. "Nephrotoxicity and highly active antiretroviral therapy: Mitigating action of Momordica charantia." Toxicol Rep. 2018 Sep 20; 5: 1153-1160.
Sun, W., et al. "Chemosynthesis and characterization of site-specific N-terminally PEGylated Alpha-momorcharin as apotential agent." Sci Rep. 2018 Dec 7; 8(1): 17729.
Hussain, F., et al. "Study of selected therapeutic potentials of Momordica charantia fruit." J. Biol Regul. Homeost. Agents. 2018 Jul-Aug; 32(4): 859-862.
Yang, T., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin enhances tobacco mosaic virus resistance in tobacco(NN)by manipulating jasmonic acid-salicylic acid crosstalk." J. Plant Physiol. 2018 Apr; 223: 116-126.
Chang, C., et al. "Novel purification method and antibiotic activity of recombinant Momordica charantia MAP30." Biotech. 2017 May; 7(1): 3.
Moghadam, A., et al. "Expression of a recombinant anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein, MAP30, in Nicotiana tobacum hairy roots: a pH-stable and thermophilic antimicrobial protein." PLoS One. 2016 Jul; 11(7): e0159653.
Liu, H., et al. "The cytotoxicology of momordicins I and II on Spodoptera litura cultured cell line SL-1." Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2015 Jul;122:110-8.
Lucena Filho, J., et al. "Antimicrobial potential of Momordica charantia L. against multiresistant standard species and clinical isolates." J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2015 Nov; 16(11): 854-8.
Saengsai, J., et al. "Antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of plumericin, an iridoid isolated from Momordica charantia vine." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015; 2015: 823178.
Yaldız, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and agricultural properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) grown in northern parts of Turkey: a case study for adaptation." Nat Prod Res. 2015; 29(6) :543-5.
Rakholiya, K., et al. "Comparative study of hydroalcoholic extracts of Momordica charantia L. against foodborne pathogens." Indian J Pharm Sci. 2014 Mar;76(2):148-56.
Rothan, H., et al. "Fusion of protegrin-1 and plectasin to MAP30 shows significant inhibition activity against dengue virus replication." PLoS One. 2014 Apr; 9(4): e94561.
Pongthanapisith, V., et al. "Antiviral protein of Momordica charantia L. inhibits different subtypes of influenza A." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 729081.
Waiyaput, W., et al. "Inhibitory effects of crude extracts from some edible Thai plants against replication of hepatitis B virus and human liver cancer cells." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2012 Dec; 12:246.
Zhu, F., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin, a RIP produced by bitter melon, enhances defense response in tobacco plants against diverse plant viruses and shows antifungal activity in vitro." Planta. 2013 Jan; 237(1): 77-88.
Feng, E., et al. "Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a cornucopia of health: a review of its credited antidiabetic, anti-HIV, and antitumor properties." Curr Mol Med. 2011 Jul; 11(5): 417-36.
Mahomoodally, M., et al. "Screening for alternative antibiotics: an investigation into the antimicrobial activities of medicinal food plants of Mauritius." J Food Sci. 2010 Apr; 75(3): M173-7.
Puri, M., et al. "Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) from Momordica charantia for anti-viral therapy." Curr. Mol. Med. 2009 Dec; 9(9): 1080-94.
Coutinho, H., et al. "Effect of Momordica charantia L. in the resistance to aminoglycosides in methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2009 Sep 2.
Braca, A., et al. "Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil." Fitoterapia. 2008; 79(2): 123-5.
Fan, J., et al. "Inhibition on Hepatitis B virus in vitro of recombinant MAP30 from bitter melon." Mol. Biol. Rep. 2009; 36(2): 381-8.
Vashishta, A., et al. "In vitro refolded napin-like protein of Momordica charantia expressed in Escherichia coli displays properties of native napin." Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2006; 1764(5): 847-55.
Saeed, S. Et al. "Antibacterial activities of Mentha piperita, Pisum sativum and Momordica charantia." Pak. J. Bot. 2005; 37: 997.
Jiratchariyakul, W., et al. "HIV inhibitor from Thai bitter gourd." Planta Med. 2001 Jun; 67(4): 350-3.
Zheng, Y., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin inhibits HIV-1 replication in acutely but not chronically infected T-lymphocytes." Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1999; 20(3): 239-43.
Frame, A., et al. "Plants from Puerto Rico with anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis properties." P. R. Health Sci. J. 1998; 17(3): 243-52.
Khan, M., et al. "Momordica charantia and Allium sativum: Broad spectrum antibacterial activity." Korean J. Pharmacog. 1998; 29(3): 155-58.
Bourinbaiar, A., et al. "The activity of plant-derived antiretroviral proteins MAP30 and GAP31 against Herpes simplex virus in vitro." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 219(3): 923-29.
Omoregbe, R., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants’ extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae." Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 1996; 25(4): 373-75.
Lee-Huang, S., et al. "Inhibition of the integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by anti-HIV plant proteins MAP30 and GAP31." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995; 92(19): 8818-22.
Dong, T., et al. "Ribosome inactivating protein-like activity in seeds of diverse Cucurbitaceae plants." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1993; 25(3): 415-19.
Zhang, Q. "Preliminary report on the use of Momordica charantia extract by HIV patients." J. Naturopath. Med. 1992; 3: 65-9.
Hussain, H., et al. "Plants in Kano ethomedicine: Screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1991; 29(1): 51-6.
Huang, T., et al. "Studies on antiviral activity of the extract of Momordica charantia and its active principle." Virologica. 1990; 5(4): 367-73.
Lee-Huang, S. "MAP 30: A new inhibitor of HIV-1 infection and replication." FEBS Lett. 1990; 272(1-2): 12-18.
Takemoto, D. "Purification and characterization of a cytostatic factor with anti-viral activity from the bitter melon." Prep. Biochem. 1983; 13(4): 371-93.
Takemoto, D. et al. "Purification and characterization of a cytostatic factor from the bitter melon Momordica charantia." Prep. Biochem. 1982; 12(4): 355-75.

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