The Healing Power of Rainforest Plants
The Tropical Plant Database
Huacapu
Family: Olacaceae
Taxon: Minquartia guianensis Aubl.
Synonyms: Minquartia punctata, Minquartia macrophylla, Minquartia parifolia, Eganthus poeppigii, Endusa punctata, Secretania loranthacea
Common Names: acaiguara, acapu, acapú, acariguara, acarioba, acary, ahumado, aracuiba, aralta, arekuma, arratt, arratta, black manwood, black manu, bois agouti, caricuara negra, criollo, cuyubi, eur-a-grai, fierro caspi, guacuri de cangrejo, guayacan nego, guayacan pechiche, huacapo, huacapu, huacapú amarillo, huacapú negro, huacapú, ironwood, konbaut, kobakedive, makka, manu, manu platano, manwood, minche, mincouart, naaméhe, pechiche, puya caspi, puyaquiro, tomopio, urari, vacaricuana, wamania, wanania, yandira, yandiroba, zujugue
Parts Used: Bark
The below text has been pre-printed from: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs, 2nd edition © by Leslie Taylor
MAIN ACTIONS | OTHER ACTIONS | STANDARD DOSAGE |
| Bark | ||
| Bark | ||
| Decoction: 1/2 cup twice daily | ||
| Tincture: 5 ml daily | ||
Huacapu is a huge canopy tree that can be found throughout the Amazon rainforest. It grows as far north as Nicaragua and Panama and can also be found in the rainforests of Costa Rica. Huacapu can grow up 25 meters high (8 stories high!) with a straight broad trunk up to 120 cm in diameter. The tree has a thin and fissured bark with many holes and it exudes a white latex when cut. Its leaves are 10-16 cm long by 4-6 cm wide and waxy in appearance. The huacapu tree blooms mainly during June and July with cascades of cream colored flowers on peduncles. Then it produces an oval drupe-like fruit with a single seed inside that is enjoyed by humans and animals alike. Fruits are dispersed in the forest by birds, bats and small rodents.
The huacapu tree is considered one of the most durable, heaviest, and hardest tropical woods of the Amazon. The tree is largely exploited and extracted by the timber and logging industries for lumber and house construction materials. It is commonly used by local inhabitants as foundation house poles since it is heavy, straight and rot-resistant. It has been so heavily logged in Costa Rica for construction materials, that it now appears on their local endangered species list.
Tribal and Herbal Medicine Uses
The Indian tribes in the Amazon sometimes use huacapu bark as a fish poison. The Waorani and Ketchwa tribes in Ecuador pound the bark until it is bruised and then put it into small streams and ponds where it stuns the fish and they can be easily collected on the top of the water. The bark is also often used as a malaria remedy, as well as for tuberculosis, hepatitis, and rheumatism by various Indian communities in the Amazon. The outer bark is considered "too strong a medicine" therefore, more often, the inner bark is used when preparing remedies for humans.
In herbal medicine systems in Ecuador huacapu bark is prepared as a decoction and used as a respected remedy for herpes, lung cancer, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. It is also used for intestinal worms and parasites, muscular pain, and externally for skin irritations. The pulverized bark of huacapu is also used externally as a poultice for sore limbs, sore kidneys and skin problems.
In Peruvian herbal medicine systems huacapu is employed for many of the same conditions. An infusion or decoction of the bark is highly regarded for hepatitis, malaria, herpes, and rheumatism. It is also used for leishmaniasis (a tropical parasitic disease carried by sand flies), and used externally on lacerations and wounds. A common remedy for rheumatism is to macerate 200 grams of huacapu bark in a liter of alcohol for 7-10 days (a tincture). It is taken in tablespoon dosages each day for 15 days.
Plant Chemicals
Huacapu bark contains triterpenes, xanthones, lipids, tannins, and acids. The main bioactive chemical in the bark is a lipid called minquartynoic acid. This plant chemical has been the subject of research and various scientists have reported that it is cytotoxic to a large diverse line of cancer cells including human lung cancer cell lines, ovarian, colon and neuroblastoma cancer cell lines. Another research group reported it passed the initial screening test for antitumor activity as well as demonstrated actions against the malaria and leishmania parasites. A research group reported in 2000 that minquartynoic acid demonstrated effective anti-viral actions against the HIV virus at as little as 2.2 mcg/ml which might explain why the tree bark has been so popularly used for other virus like hepatitis and herpes.
Chemical documented thus far in huacapu bark include: 3-beta-acetoxy-13-beta-28-epoxy-olean-11-ene, 17-hydroxy,9,11,13,15-octadecatetraynoic acid, 13,28-epoxy-3-acetoxy-11-oleanene, acetylenic acid, betulin myristate, betulin palmitate, betulin stearate, erythrodiol myristate, erythrodiol oleate, erythrodiol palmitate, erythrodiol stearate, lichexanthone, lupeol, lupenone, minquartynoic acid, oleanolic acid, squalene, and taraxerol.
Biological Activities and Clinical Research
The research on huacapu to date is quite preliminary since scientists now seem more focused on its main bioactive chemical instead. Researchers in the United States first reported in 1988 and 1989 that a water extract of huacapu bark passed the initial antitumor screening test, as well as an in vitro cell culture test against cancer cells in amounts less than 4 mcg/ml. This was reconfirmed by a European research group who published similar reports in 2003 and 2004. In earlier research in 1996 researchers reported that a methanol extract of huacapu bark demonstrated antibacterial actions against two antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus, as well as Pseudomonas and Bacillus
Current Practical Uses
While little research on the tree bark exists, research has been more forthcoming on huacapu's main active plant chemical which is documented with antimalarial, antiviral, antumoral, and antibacterial actions. The actions of minquartynoic acid do help to explain and support huacapu's main traditional uses for microbial diseases such as herpes, hepatitis, and tuberculosis, for lung cancer, and malaria. The tree bark is a significant source of this highly active plant chemical. Huacapu is quite popular in Ecuador and Peru, however it is not very well known here in the U.S; only one or two products are available for purchase in the American herbal market.
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Main Preparation Method: decoction or infusion
Main Actions (in order): Main Uses:
antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic (malaria, leishmania), antitumoral Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use: Cautions: None reported. | |
Traditional Preparation: Huacapu bark is traditionally prepared in infusions and decoctions. However, for rheumatism and muscle pain, it is traditionally prepared as an alcohol tincture. The bark is a source of tannins that have been used to dye clothing. Practitioners report using the bark in tinctures and decoctions can cause dark-colored stools which is normal and due to the tannin content of the bark.
Contraindications: None known. Large dosages are reported to have a laxative or purgative effect.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
| | |
| Ecuador | as an anthelmintic; for hepatitis, herpes, intestinal parasites, lung cancer, malaria, muscular pain, skin irritations, sore kidneys, sore limbs, tuberculosis, worms |
| Peru | as a purgative; for confusion, hepatitis, herpes, lacerations, leishmaniasis, malaria, rheumatism |
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Published Research on Huacapu
All available third-party research on huacapu can be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on huacapu updated through Feb 2019 is shown below:
Cytotoxic & Antitumoral Actions:
One of the main bioactive chemicals in Huacapu bark is a lipid called minquartynoic acid. This plant chemical has been the subject of research and various scientists have reported that it is cytotoxic to a large diverse line of cancer cells including human lung cancer cell lines, ovarian, colon, and neuroblastoma cancer cell lines. Researchers in the United States first reported in 1988 and 1989 that a water extract of huacapu bark passed the initial antitumor screening test, as well as an in vitro cell culture test against cancer cells in amounts less than 4 mcg/ml. This was reconfirmed by a European research group who published similar reports in 2003 and 2004. Researchers have synthesized this lipid and several derivatives have been created which are being studied for new cancer drugs. Huacpu also contains taraxerol, another well known anticancerous plant chemical.
Hong, J., et al. "Anticancer activity of taraxerol acetate in human glioblastoma cells and a mouse xenograft model via induction of autophagy and apoptotic cell death, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration." Mol. Med. Rep. 2016 Jun; 13(6): 4541-8.
Tan, B., et al. "[Effects of taraxerol and taraxerol acetate on cell cycle and apoptosis of human gastric epithelial cell line AGS]." Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011 Jun; 9(6): 638-42.
Braga, F., et al. "Oleanolic acid inhibits the activity of the multidrug resistance protein ABCC1 (MRP1) but not of the ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein): Possible use in cancer chemotherapy." Cancer Letters 2007; 248(1): 147-152.
Dembitsky, V. "Anticancer activity of natural and synthetic acetylenic lipids." Lipids. 2006 Oct; 41(10): 883–924.
Gowravaram, S., et al. "Total syntheses of the highly potent anti-cancer polyacetylenes, (S)-18-hydroxyminquartynoic acid, (S)-minquartynoic acid and (E)-15,16-dihydrominquartynoic acid." Tetrahedron Lett. 2006 Jun; 47(26): 4513-4516.
Gung, B., et al. "Total Synthesis of (S)-(-)-(E)-15,16-dihydrominquartynoic acid: A highly potent anticancer agent." J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69 (10), pp 3488–3492
Kim, S., et al. "A new, iterative strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical polyynes: application to the total synthesis of 15,16-dihydrominquartynoic acid." Org. Lett. 2004 Sep; 6(20): 3601-4.
Gung, B., et al. "Total synthesis of (-)-minquartynoic acid: an anti-cancer, anti-HIV natural product." Org. Lett. 2002 Jul; 4(15): 2517-9.
Marles, R., et al. "Isolation of a novel cytotoxic polyacetylene from a traditional anthelmintic medicinal plant, Minquartia guianensis." J. Nat. Prod. 1989; 52(2): 261-266.
Ito, A., et al. "Cytotoxic polyacetylenes from the twigs of Ochanostachys amentacea." J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(2): 246-248.
Farnsworth, N., et al. "Isolation of a novel cytotoxic polyacetylene from a traditional anthelmintic medicinal plant: Minquartia guianensis Aubl. (Olacaceae). Abstr International Congress on Natural Products Research Park City, UT July 17-21 1988: Abstr-22 .
Quignard, E., et al. "Medium lethal concentrations of Amazonian plant extracts in the brine shrimp assay." Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004; 42(3): 253-257.
Quignard, E., et al. "Screening of plants found in Amazonas state for lethality towards brine shrimp." Acta Amazonica. 2003; 33(1): 93-104.
Rasmussem, H., et al. "Absolute configuration and antiprotozoal activity of minquartynoic acid." J. Nat. Prod. 2000; 63(9): 1295-1296.
Antiparasitic & Antimalarial Actions:
Ruiz, L., et al. "Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the Nanay River (Peru) for the treatment of malaria." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan; 133(2): 917-21.
Gachet, M., et al. "Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar; 128(1): 184-97.
Rasmussem, H., et al. "Absolute configuration and antiprotozoal activity of minquartynoic acid." J. Nat. Prod. 2000; 63(9): 1295-1296.
Antimicrobial Actions (virus, candida, fungi, & bacteria):
Chinsembu, K., et al. "Tuberculosis and nature's pharmacy of putative anti-tuberculosis agents." Acta Trop. 2016 Jan; 153: 46-56.
Rodrigues, K., et al. "Antifungal activity of Brazilian Amazon plant extracts against some species of Candida Spp." Int. J. Phytopharmacology. 2014; 5(6): 445-453.
Ramos, D., et al. "Antimycobacterial activity of Brazilian Amazon plants extracts." Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2013 Jan; 5: 479-485.
Micheletti, A., "Increment of antimycobaterial activity on lichexanthone derivatives." Med. Chem. 2013 Nov; 9(7): 904-10.
Xu., T., et al. "A potent plant-derived antifungal acetylenic acid mediates its activity by interfering with fatty acid homeostasis." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun; 56(6): 2894-907.
Cursino, L., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Minquartia guianensis extracts and phytochemical evaluation." Emir. J. Food Agric. 2011; 23(6): 505-510.
Cursino, L., et al. "Phytochemical study and bioactivity of extracts and fractions of Minquartia guianensis (Olacaceae)." (Thesis) 2011. State University of Amazonas-Ueaescola Manaus, Brazil.
Gaschet, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Ecuadorian plant extracts." Planta Med. 2007; 73: 197.
Gung, B., et al. "Total synthesis of (-)-minquartynoic acid: an anti-cancer, anti-HIV natural product." Org. Lett. 2002 Jul; 4(15): 2517-9.
Rashid, M., et al. "Absolute stereochemistry and anti-HIV activity of minquartynoic acid, a polyacetylene from Ochanostachys amentacea." Nat. Prod. Lett. 2001; 15(1): 21-26 .
El-Seedi, H., et al. "Triterpenes, lichexanthone and an acetylenic acid from Minquartia guianensis." Phytochemistry. 1994; 35 (5): 1297-1299.
Jovel, E., et al. "An ethnobotanical study of the traditional medicine of the Mestizo people of Suni Mirano, Loreto, Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 53: 149-156.
Antioxidant & Anti-inflammatory Actions:
Zang, J., et al. "Specific inhibition of Acyl-CoA Oxidase-1 by an acetylenic acid improves hepatic lipid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet." J. Biol. Chem. 2017 Mar; 292(9): 3800-3809.
Yao, X., et al. "Taraxerol inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses through suppression of TAK1 and Akt activation." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2013 Feb; 15(2): 316-24.
Yoon, Y., el al. "Effects of lupenone, lupeol, and taraxerol derived from Adenophora triphylla on the gene expression and production of airway MUC5AC mucin." Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul). 2015 Jul; 78(3): 210-7.
Chemical Constituents:
Cursino, L., et al. [Triterpenes from the leaves of Minquartia guianensis Aubl. (Olacaceae)]." Acta Amazonica 2009 Mar; 39: 181-186.
El-Seedi, H., et al. Triterpenes, lichexanthone and acetylenic acid from Minquartia guianensis. Phytochemistry. 1994; 35(5): 1297-1299.