The Healing Power of Rainforest Plants
Pharmacy to the World
The Tropical Plant Database
Carqueja
Genus: Baccharis
Species: genistelloides
Synonyms: Baccharis trimera, B. triptera, B. venosa, Conyza genistelloides, Molina venosa
The following text has been reprinted from: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs, 2nd Edition © 2025 by Leslie Taylor.
MAIN ACTIONS |
OTHER ACTIONS |
STANDARD DOSAGE |
| protects liver | induces abortions | Aerial parts |
| detoxifies liver | kills viruses | Infusion: 1/2 cup 2-3 times daily |
| aids digestion | increases urination | Tincture: 2-4 ml 2-3 times daily |
| reduces acid | reduces fever | Capsules: 2 g twice daily |
| treats ulcers | promotes sweating | |
| relieves pain | ||
| expels worms | ||
| mildly laxative | ||
| reduces inflammation | ||
| lowers blood sugar | ||
| cleanses blood | ||
| tones gastric tract | ||
Carqueja is a perennial green herb that grows nearly vertical to a height of 1-2 meters and produces yellowish-white flowers at the top of the plant. The bright green, flat, winged stalks have a fleshy, succulent consistency and the "wings" take the place of leaves. The Baccharis genus is composed of more than 400 species native to tropical and subtropical America. Carqueja is known by several botanical names in Brazil, including Baccharis genistelloides, B. triptera, and B. trimera. It is found throughout the Amazon rainforest in Peru, Brazil, and Colombia, as well as in tropical parts of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Other common species called carqueja in Brazil include Baccharis trinervis and B. gaudichaudiana which look similar (smaller in height and smaller wings) and are sometimes used as substitutes for B. genistelloides. Another well known species in the family is a small shrub, B. cordifolia, which is toxic to grazing animals.
Tribal and Herbal Medicine Uses
Indigenous peoples of the rainforest have utilized this herb for centuries to cure common ailments. Its uses in herbal medicine were first recorded in Brazil in 1931 by Pio Correa, who wrote about an infusion of carqueja being used for sterility in women and impotency in men. Correa described carqueja as having the therapeutic properties of a tonic, bitter, febrifuge, and stomachic, with cited uses for dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, liver diseases, and diarrhea. Since that time, carqueja has long been used in Brazilian medicine to treat liver diseases, to strengthen stomach and intestinal function, and to help purge obstructions of the liver and gallbladder. Almost every book published in Brazil on herbal medicine includes carqueja, since it has shown to be so effective for liver and digestive disorders as well as a good blood cleanser and fever reducer. Other popular uses for carqueja in Brazilian herbal medicine today are to treat malaria, diabetes, stomach ulcers, sore throat and tonsillitis, angina, anemia, diarrhea, indigestion, hydropsy, urinary inflammation, kidney disorders, intestinal worms, leprosy, and poor blood circulation.
In Peruvian herbal medicine today, carqueja is used for liver ailments, gallstones, diabetes, allergies, gout, intestinal gas and bloating, and venereal diseases. Herbalists and natural health practitioners in the United States are just learning of the many effective uses of carqueja. They document that it helps strengthen digestive, ileocecal valve, stomach, and liver functions; fortifies and cleanses the blood; expels intestinal worms; is helpful for poor digestion, liver disorders, anemia, or loss of blood; and removes obstructions in the gallbladder and liver.
Plant Chemicals
Carqueja is a rich source of flavonoids. Certain flavonoids, such as silymarin in milk thistle, have shown liver-protective properties and are used for many liver conditions in herbal medicine systems. Carqueja is rather like the South American version of milk thistle. It contains up to 20% flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, nepetin, apigenin, and hispidulin. The flavonoids are considered carqueja's main active constituents. Several novel plant chemicals called clerodane diterpenoids have been identified in carqueja and, in 1994, scientists showed that these chemicals had maximum effects against worms. This could possibly explain carqueja's long history of use as an agent to expel intestinal worms.
Carqueja contains many chemicals: 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, alpha-phellandrene, alpha-terpinene, alpha-ylangene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-phellandrene, beta-pinene, calacorene, camphene, carquejol, cirsimaritin, clerodane diterpenoids, elemol, eriodictyol, essential oils, eudesmol, eugenol, eupatorin, eupatrin, farnesene, farnesol, flavonoids, genkwanin, germacrene D, glycosides, hispidium, hispidulin, ledol, limonene, linalool, luteolin, muurolene, myrcene, neptin, nerolidol, palustrol, pentadecanol, quercetin, resins, sabinene, saponins, spatholenol, spathulenol, squalene, terpinolene, viridiflorene, and viridiflorol.
Biological Activities and Clinical Research
Carqueja's liver protective properties were confirmed in a clinical study when a crude flavonoid fraction of carqueja as well as a crude leaf/stem extract dose-dependently increased the survival rate to 100% in mice administered lethal dosages of phalloidin- a liver toxin (as compared to only a 24% survival rate in the control group). While these scientists indicated that the single flavonoid hispidulin evidenced the highest liver-protective effect of the flavonoids tested (it increased survival to 80%), the crude extract and the whole flavonoid fraction provided a stronger liver detoxifying and protective effect than the single flavonoid. This led them to think that other constituents in the crude extract, besides the flavonoids, had liver-protective effects and/or there were interactions between the flavonoids and other plant chemicals that potentiated the flavonoids'effects.
Other traditional uses of carqueja have been studied and validated by research. Its antacid, antiulcer, and hypotensive properties were documented in two Brazilian animal studies in 1992. Its antiulcer and pain-relieving properties were reported in a 1991 clinical study that showed that carqueja reduced gastric secretions and had an analgesic effect in rats with H. pylori ulcers. That study concluded that carqueja "may relieve gastrointestinal disorders by reducing acid secretion and gastrointestinal hyperactivity." A later study, in 2000, confirmed its antiulcerogenic effect when a water extract of carqueja administered to rats protected them from alcohol-induced ulcers. Other researchers documented carqueja's pain-relieving effects. This same research group in Spain also reported a strong anti-inflammatory effect - a 70%-90% inhibition-when mice were treated with the carqueja extract prior to being treated with various chemicals that induced inflammation.
Carqueja has also long been used in South America as a natural aid for diabetes, and several studies confirm its blood sugar-lowering effect in mice, rats, and humans (in both normal and diabetic subjects).
Finally, carqueja's traditional use for colds, flu, and stomach viruses has also been verified by research. Some of the more recent research has focused on its antiviral properties. In a clinical study published in 1999, researchers in Spain reported that a water extract of carqueja showed in vitro antiviral actions against Herpes simplex I and Vesicular stomatitis viruses at low dosages. Researchers in Texas had already reported in 1996 that a water extract of carqueja provided an in vitro inhibition of HIV virus replication in T-cells. In subsequent research, they've attributed this anti-HIV effect to a single chemical they found in the water extract of carqueja- 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid-and reported that this plant chemical is a potent inhibitor of HIV at dosages as low as only 1 mcg/ml.
Current Practical Uses
Carqueja is one of the more widely known and used medicinal plants in Brazil and other parts of South America. It is as popular in Brazil as a natural herbal liver aid and digestive aid as milk thistle is in the United States and Europe. Many of its traditional uses have been verified by research, and it appears in the official pharmacopeias of several South American countries as a specific liver and digestive aid. Carrqueja is considered safe and non-toxic. Toxicity studies with rats indicated no toxic effects when various leaf/stem extracts were given at up to 2 g/kg in body weight.
Herbalists and natural health practitioners in the United States are just learning of the many effective uses of carqueja. They document that it helps strengthen digestive, ileocecal valve, stomach, and liver functions; fortifies, cleanses and detoxifies the blood and the liver; expels intestinal worms; is helpful for poor digestion, liver disorders, anemia, or loss of blood; and removes obstructions in the gallbladder and liver.
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Main Preparation Method: tincture or capsules
Main Actions (in order): Main Uses:
abortive, analgesic (pain-reliever), antacid, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerous, antihepatotoxic (liver detoxifier), antiviral, digestive stimulant, gastrotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the gastric system), hepatoprotective (liver protector), hepatotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the liver), hypoglycemic, hypotensive (lowers blood pressure), insect repellant, uterine stimulant Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use: Cautions: It has hypotensive (lowers blood pressure) and hypoglycemic actions. It should not be used during pregnancy. | |
Traditional Preparation: Traditionally, 2 g in capsules or tablets or 2-4 ml of a standard tincture are taken with each meal as a digestive aid or liver remedy. Alternatively, a standard infusion is prepared with 5 g (about a teaspoon) of dried herb to 4-6 ounces water and infused for 10 minutes. This traditional remedy is usually taken two or three times daily with meals as a digestive aid. For topical use (pain and inflammation), 60 g of herb (about 2 ounces) is decocted in 1 liter of water and applied to the affected area.
Contraindications:
- Carqueja should not be used during pregnancy, as it has demonstrated uterine stimulant and abortive effects in rats.
- The use of this plant is contraindicated in persons with low blood pressure due to its documented hypotensive effects. Persons with any heart condition or taking heart medications should check with their physician prior to using this plant.
- Carqueja has been documented to lower blood glucose levels in human and animal studies. As such, it is contraindicated in persons with hypoglycemia, and people with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to using this plant, and use with caution while monitoring their blood sugar levels accordingly.
Carqueja may speed the clearance of some drugs metabolized in the liver, thereby reducing the pharmacological effect and/or side effects of drugs that are metabolized in the liver.
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| Bolivia | for abortions, digestive, gastrointestinal problems, ulcers |
| Brazil | for abortions, acid stomach, anemia, angina, anorexia, bile disorders, blood purification, bronchitis, Chagas disease, circulation, colds, constipation, detoxification, diabetes, diarrhea, digestion disorders, dyspepsia, edema, fevers, flu, gallstones, gallbladder disorders, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gout, heartburn, high cholesterol, hypertension, ileocecal disorders, impotence, indigestion, intestinal disorders, intestinal parasites, kidney stones, leprosy, liver detoxification, liver disorders, liver protection, malaria, nausea, obesity, rheumatism, sore throat, spleen disorders, stomach problems, sterility, tonsillitis, ulcers (gastric), ulcers (skin), urinary insufficiency, urinary tract disorders, venereal diseases, worms |
| Colombia | for stopping bleeding, promoting menstruation, ulcers, wounds |
| Paraguay | for diabetes, high cholesterol, infertility |
| Peru | for bloating, broncho-pulmonary disorders, diabetes, digestive disorders, dislocations, flu, gallstones, gastritis, gastrointestinal disorders, gout, intestinal gas, liver diseases, malaria, rheumatic pain, promoting menstruation, stomachache, urinary disorders, uterine problems, venereal diseases |
The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted 2005
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Referenced Quotes on Carqueja
These quotes can be looked up in the Reference Key by their corresponding number.1. "Carqueja helps maintain healthy functioning of the ileocecal valve. It is used for poor digestion and stomach pain. Research has also found that it has anthelmintic properties (against worms). Carqueja is used for hepatic dysfunctions, effectively removing liver obstructions. Carqueja is good in cases of anemia or loss of blood and is known for its blood-fortifying properties."
2.
"Carqueja can be used to strengthen stomach and intestinal function. It helps purge obstructions of the liver and gallbladder. It helps strengthen digestion and the ileocecal valve and fortifies the blood. It can also support and tonify the nervous system and increases stomach yin."
3.
"ACTIONS: Enhances digestion, Fortifies blood, Tonifies liver and gallbladder, Aids ileocecal valve functions. TRADITIONAL USE: Carqueja is used as a tonic to the stomach, intestines, and ileocecal valve. Effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal dysfunction. Builds the blood to avoid anemia. Purges obstructions of liver and gallbladder. Maintains healthy functioning of the ileocecal valve. Promotes the correction of digestive disorders. Carqueja eases digestion. MERIDIAN INDICATIONS: Increases Stomach Yin, Clears Liver / Gallbladder meridians. EVA POINTS: Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Spleen."
Published Research on Carqueja
All available third-party research on carqueja can be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on carqueja updated through Jan 2019 is shown below:
Antacid & Anti-ulcer Actions:
Dos Reis Lívero, F., et al. "Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera promotes gastro-protection and healing of acute and chronic gastric ulcers induced by ethanol and acetic acid." Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2016 Sep; 389(9): 985-98.
Biondo, T., et al. "Antisecretory actions of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC aqueous extract and isolated compounds: analysis of underlying mechanisms." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun 22; 136(2): 368-73.
Gonzales, E., et al. "Gastric cytoprotection of Bolivian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 70(3): 329-33.
Gamberini, M., et al. "Açoes antiúlcera e antiácida do extracto aquoso e das fraçoes da Baccharis trimera." Anais XII Simposio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil. UFP: Curitiba, Paraná, 15-17 September 1992.
Sousa, B., et al., "Avaliaçao da atividade antiulcera do extrato bruto e fraçoes de Baccharis trimera." Anais XII Simposio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil. UFP: Curitiba, Paraná, 15-17 September 1992.
Gamberini, M. T., et al. "Inhibition of gastric secretion by a water extract from Baccharis triptera. Mart." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1991; 86(Suppl. 2): 137-9.
Liver Protective & Regeneration Actions:
Rabelo, A., et al. "Baccharis trimera protects against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Apr; 215: 1-13.
Han, M., et al. "Hispidulin induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by activating AMPK signaling pathway." Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2018 Sep 14.
Lima, S., et al. "Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera on the proliferation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in rats." Acta Cir. Bras. 2017 Apr; 32(4): 263-269.
Lívero, F., et al. "Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2016 Dec; 260: 22-32.
Pádua Bda, C., et al. "Protective effect of Baccharis trimera extract on acute hepatic injury in a model of inflammation induced by acetaminophen." Mediators Inflamm. 2014; 2014: 196598.
Soicke, H., et al. "Characterisation of flavonoids from Baccharis trimera and their antihepatotoxic properties." Planta Med. 1987; 53(1): 37-9.
Anti-inflammatory, Muscle Relaxant, & Pain-Relieving Actions:
Ginwala, R., et al. "Potential role of flavonoids in treating chronic inflammatory diseases with a special focus on the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin." Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Feb 5; 8(2)
Silveira Rabelo, A., et al. "A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2018 Dec; 296: 65-75.
Shin, M., et a. "Anti-inflammatory effects and corresponding mechanisms of cirsimaritin extracted from Cirsium japonicum var. maackii Maxim." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017 Jul; 27(14): 3076-3080.
Pádua Bda, C., et al. "Protective effect of Baccharis trimera extract on acute hepatic injury in a model of inflammation induced by acetaminophen." Mediators Inflamm. 2014; 2014: 196598.
Cruz Padua, B., et al. "Baccharis trimera improves the antioxidant defense system and inhibits iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression in a rat model of inflammation." Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2013; 14(11): 975-84.
de Oliveira, C., et al. "Phenolic enriched extract of Baccharis trimera presents anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities." Molecules. 2012 Jan; 17(1): 1113-23.
Nogueira, N., et al."In vitro and in vivo toxicological evaluation of extract and fractions from Baccharis trimera with anti-inflammatory activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 18; 138(2): 513-22.
Paul, E., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Baccharis trimera aqueous extract on induced pleurisy in rats and lymphoproliferation in vitro." Inflammation. 2009 Sep 15.
Abad, M., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of four Bolivian Baccharis species (Compositae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Feb; 103(3): 338-44.
Coelho, M., et al. "Anti-arthritic effect and subacute toxicological evaluation of Baccharis genistelloides aqueous extract." Toxicol. Lett. 2004 1; 154(1-2): 69-80.
Hnatyszyn, O., et al. "Argentinian plant extracts with relaxant effect on the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum of guinea pig." Phytomedicine. 2003 Nov; 10(8): 669-74.
Torres, L., et al. "Diterpene from Baccharis trimera with a relaxant effect on rat vascular smooth muscle." Phytochemistry. 2000 Nov; 55(6): 617-9.
Gene, R., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Baccharis trimera: Identification of its active constituents." Planta. Med. 1996; 62(3): 232-5.
Gene, R., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of three species of the genus Baccharis." Planta Med. 1992 Dec; 58(6): 565-6.
Antimicrobial Actions:
Sadati, S., et al. "Docking study of flavonoid derivatives as potent inhibitors of influenza H1N1 virus neuraminidase." Biomed. Rep. 2019 Jan; 10(1): 33-38.
da Silva, A., et al. "Acute toxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf tincture Baccharis trimera (Less). Biomed J. 2018 Jun; 41(3): 194-201.
Visintini, M., et al. "In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts from Asteraceae medicinal plants." Virol. J. 2013 Jul; 10:245.
Samy, R., et al. "Therapeutic potential of plants as anti-microbials for drug discovery." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2010 September; 7(3): 283-294
Morales, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of three Baccharis species used in the traditional medicine of Northern Chile." Molecules. 2008; 13(4): 790-4.
Betoni, J., et al. "Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Jun; 101(4): 387-90.
Sanchez Palomino, S., et al. "Screening of South American plants against human immunodeficiency virus: preliminary fractionation of aqueous extract from Baccharis trinervis." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 25(9): 1147-50.
Abad, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of Bolivian plant extracts." Gen. Pharmacol. 1999; 32(4): 499-503.
Abad, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of some South American medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1999 Mar; 13(2): 142-6.
Robinson, W., et al. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that inhibit HIV Integrase." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996; 93(13): 6326-31.
Abdel-Malek, S., et al. "Drug leads from the Kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia. 1. Background, rationale, protocol and anti-HIV activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50(3): 157-66.
Anti-parasitic Actions:
Antwi, C., et al. "In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019 Feb; 13(2): e0007206.
Ueno, A. et al. "Antitrypanosomal activity and evaluation of the mechanism of action of diterpenes from aerial parts of Baccharis retusa (Asteraceae)." Fitoterapia. 2018 Mar; 125: 55-58.
Fallatah, O., et al. "Apigenin-induced ABCC1-mediated efflux of glutathione from mature erythrocytes inhibits the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2017 Nov; 50(5): 673-677.
Beer, M., et al. "Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of flavonoids isolated from Stevia satureiifolia var. satureiifolia." Pharm. Biol. 2016 Oct; 54(10) :2188-95.
Fonseca-Silva, F., et al. "Oral efficacy of apigenin against cutaneous Leishmaniasis: involvement of reactive oxygen species and autophagy as a mechanism of action." PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016 Feb; 10(2): e0004442.
de Oliveira, R., et al. "Anthelmintic activity in vitro and in vivo of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC against immature and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni." Exp. Parasitol. 2014 Apr; 139: 63-72.
Lázaro, S., et al. "Effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on development and hatching of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acaridae) eggs." Vet. Parasitol. 2013 May; 194(1): 79-82.
de Souza Fernandes, F., et al. "Anthelmintic effects of alkylated diamines and amino alcohols against Schistosoma mansoni." BioMed. Res. Intl. 2013 Aug; (4): 783490. ·
de Oliveira, R., et al. "Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of essential oil of Baccharis trimera (less) DC." Exp. Parasitol. 2012 Oct; 132(2): 135-43
Parreira, N., et al. “Antiprotozoal, schistosomicidal, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia.” Chem. Biodiv. 2010; 7(4): 993–1001.
Mead, J., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of flavonoids and isoflavones against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis." FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006 Jun; 259(1): 153-7.
Sosa, M. E., et al. "Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids." J. Nat. Prod. 1994; 57(9): 1262–
Herz, W., et al. "New ent-clerodane-type diterpenoids from Baccharis trimera." J. Org. Chem. 1977 Nov 25; (24): 42.
Anti-Obesity Actions:
Lee, S., et al. "Hispidulin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PPAR pathway." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2018 Sep; 293: 89-93
de Souza Marinho do Nascimento, D., et al. "Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC exhibits an anti-adipogenic effect by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in adipocyte differentiation." Molecules. 2017 Jun 12; 22(6).
Cercato, L., et al, "A systematic review of medicinal plants used for weight loss in Brazil: Is there potential for obesity treatment?" J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec; 176: 286-96.
Dickel, M., et al. "Plants popularly used for losing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan; 109(1): 60-71.
Hypoglycemic & Antidiabetic Actions:
do Nascimento Kaut, N., et al. "Baccharis trimera (carqueja) improves metabolic and redox status in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes". Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2018 Dec; 2018: 6532637.
Yin, X., et al. "Gynura divaricata rich in 3, 5-/4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid reduces islet cell apoptosis and improves pancreatic function in type 2 diabetic mice." Nutr. Metab. 2018 Oct; 15: 73.
Trojan-Rodrigues, M, et al. "Plants used as antidiabetics in popular medicine in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 6;139(1):155-63.
Khan, V., et al. "A pharmacological appraisal of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential." J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci. 2012 Jan-Mar; 4(1): 27-42.
Oliveira, A., et al. "Effect of the extracts and fractions of Baccharis trimera and Syzygium cumini on glycaemia of diabetic and non-diabetic mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Dec; 102(3): 465-9.
Hossen, S., et al. "Evaluacion in vivo de la actividad hipoglucemiante de plantas medicinales de los valles altos y bajos de Cochabamba." Ed. Universidad Mayor De San Simón Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímico-Farmacéuticas-Programa 2001; Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Alonso, P., et al. "Uso racional de las plantas medicinales." Ed. Fin De Siglo Facultad de Química 1992; Montevideo, Uruguay.
Xavier, A., et al. "Effect of an extract of Baccharis genistelloides on the glucose level of the blood." C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 1967; 16(4): 972-4.
Hypotensive Actions: (Lowers blood pressure)
Gómez, M., et al. "Vasorelaxant effect of a Baccharis trimera infusion on precontracted rat aortic rings." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2016 Mar; 11(3): 283-6.
Garcia, F., et al. "A comparative study of two clerodane diterpenes from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. on the influx and mobilization of intracellular calcium in rat cardiomyocytes." Phytomedicine. 2014 Jul-Aug; 21(8-9): 1021-5.
Antioxidant Actions:
Dos Santos, M., et al. "Biotoxicological analyses of trimeroside from Baccharis trimera using a battery of in vitro test systems." Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018 Aug; 2018: 7804135.
Silveira Rabelo, A., et al. "A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2018 Dec; 296: 65-75.
Bi, Y., et al. "3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid protects H9C2 cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway." Food Nutr. Res. 2018 Oct 12; 62.
Liang, N., et al. "Amelioration of oxidative stress in caco-2 cells treated with pro-inflammatory proteins by chlorogenic acid isomers via activation of the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE-Signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018 Oct 24; 66(42): 11008-11017.
de Araújo, G., et al. "Baccharis trimera inhibits reactive oxygen species production through PKC and down-regulation p47 (phox) phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase in SK Hep-1 cells." Exp. Biol. Med. 2017 Feb; 242(3): 333-343.
Paiva, F., et al. "Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) protects against oxidative stress and -amyloid-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans." Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2015; 2015: 740162.
de Oliveira, C., et al. "Phenolic enriched extract of Baccharis trimera presents anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities." Molecules. 2012 Jan; 17(1): 1113-23.
Padua Bda, C., et al. "Antioxidant properties of Baccharis trimera in the neutrophils of Fisher rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jun; 129(3): 381-6.
Rodrigues, C., et al. "Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of Baccharis trimera in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Aug; 125(1): 97-101.
Mendes, F., et al. "Evaluation of Baccharis trimera and Davilla rugosa in tests for adaptogen activity." Phytother Res. 2007; 21(6): 517-22.
Simoes-Pires, C. A., et al. "Isolation and on-line identification of antioxidant compounds from three Baccharis species by HPLC-UV-MS/MS with post-column derivatisation." Phytochem. Anal. 2005 Sep-Oct; 16(5): 307-14.
Melo, S. F., et al. "Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus, Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts against the stannous chloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli." Mutat. Res. 2001 Sep; 496(1-2): 33-8.
Sharp, H., et al. "6-Oxygenated flavones from Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae)." Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2001; 29(1): 105-107.
de las Heras, B., et al. "Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Jun; 61(2): 161-6.
Nerve Regeneration & Protective Actions:
An, P., et al. "Hispidulin protects against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats." J. Mol. Neurosci. 2018 Jun; 65(2): 203-212.
Chang, S., et. al "The natural product 4,10-aromadendranediol induces neuritogenesis in neuronal cells in vitro through activation of the ERK pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017 Jan; 38(1): 29-40.
Guo, Y., et al. "Clerodane diterpenoids and flavonoids with NGF-potentiating activity from the aerial parts of Baccharis gaudichaudiana." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007 Oct; 55(10): 1532-4.
Antivenin Actions:
Gupta, Y., et al. "Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation?" Toxicol Int. 2012 May-Aug; 19(2): 89-99.
Januario, A. H., et al. "Neo-clerodane diterpenoid, a new metalloprotease snake venom inhibitor from Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae): anti-proteolytic and anti-hemorrhagic properties." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2004 Dec; 150(3): 243-51.
Anticancerous Actions:
Jaramillo-García, V., et al "Chemical characterization and cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic properties of Baccharis trinervis (Lam, Persoon) from Colombia and Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Mar; 213: 210-220.
Dos Santos, M., et al. "Biotoxicological analyses of trimeroside from Baccharis trimera using a battery of in vitro test systems." Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018 Aug; 2018: 7804135.
Carraz, M., et al. "Antiproliferative activity and phenotypic modification induced by selected Peruvian medicinal plants on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 May; 166: 185-99.
de Oliveira, C., et al. "The inhibitory effects of phenolic and terpenoid compounds from Baccharis trimera in Siha cells (cervical cancer cells): differences in their activity and mechanism of action." Molecules. 2013 Sep; 18(9): 11022-32.
Toxicity/Non-Toxic Studies
da Silva, A., et al. "Acute toxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf tincture Baccharis trimera (Less)." Biomed J. 2018 Jun; 41(3): 194-201.
Dos Santos, M., et al. "Biotoxicological analyses of trimeroside from Baccharis trimera using a battery of in vitro test systems." Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018 Aug; 2018: 7804135.
da Silva, A., et al. "Acute and sub-chronic (28 days) oral toxicity evaluation of tincture Baccharis trimera (Less) Backer in male and female rodent animals." Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2016 Feb; 74: 170-7.
Nogueira, N., et al."In vitro and in vivo toxicological evaluation of extract and fractions from Baccharis trimera with anti-inflammatory activity." J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 18; 138(2): 513-22.
Rodrigues, C., et al. "Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of Baccharis trimera in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Aug; 125(1): 97-101.
Grance, S., et al. "Baccharis trimera: effect on hematological and biochemical parameters and hepatorenal evaluation in pregnant rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Apr; 117(1): 28-33.