ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES
Brazil	Bronchitis, Cough, Dandruff, Itch
Elsewhere	AIDS, Diuretic, Epstein Barr, Expectorant, Shampoo, Skin, Soap, Stimulant
LA	Cardiodepressant, Expectorant, Shampoo, Soap
Turkey	Bronchitis, Detergent, Diuretic, Expectorant, Poison, Soap, Sternutatory

Clinical References

1. Ronnberg B, et al. Effects of carbohydrate modification of Quillaja saponaria Molina QH-B fraction on adjuvant activity, cholesterol-binding capacity and toxicity. Vaccine. 1997 Dec; 15(17-18): 1820-1826.
2. Behboudi S, et al. In vivo and in vitro induction of IL-6 by Quillaja saponaria molina triterpenoid formulations. Cytokine. 1997 Sep; 9(9): 682-687.
3. So HS, 1997 Effect of a novel saponin adjuvant derived from Quillaja saponaria on the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Mol Cells 7(2), 178-186 (1997)
4. Leung YM, 1997 Specific interaction between tetrandrine and Quillaja saponins in promoting permeabilization of plasma membrane in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1325(2), 318-328 (1997)
5. Sjolander A, 1997 Iscoms containing purified Quillaja saponins upregulate both Th1-like and Th2-like immune responses. Cell Immunol 177(1), 69-76 (1997)
6. Dotsika E, 1997 Influence of Quillaja saponaria triterpenoid content on the immunomodulatory capacity of Epstein-Barr virus iscoms. Scand J Immunol 45(3), 261-268 (1997)
7. Villacres-Eriksson M, 1997 Immunomodulation by Quillaja saponaria adjuvant formulations: in vivo stimulation of interleukin 12 and its effects on the antibody response. Cytokine 9(2), 73-82 (1997)
8. Behboudi S, 1996 In vitro activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) by defined composition of Quillaja saponaria Molina triterpenoids. Clin Exp Immunol 105(1), 26-30 (1996)
9. Pillion DJ, 1996 Structure-function relationship among Quillaja saponins serving as excipients for nasal and ocular delivery of insulin. J Pharm Sci 85(5), 518-524 (1996)
10. Sjolander A, 1996 Kinetics, localization and isotype profile of antibody responses to immune stimulating complexes (iscoms) containing human influenza virus envelope glycoproteins. Scand J Immunol 43(2), 164-172 (1996)
11. Jacobsen NE, 1996 Structure of the saponin adjuvant QS-21 and its base-catalyzed isomerization product by 1H and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 280(1), 1-14 (1996)
12. van Setten DC, 1996 Molecular structures of saponins from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Adv Exp Med Biol 404, 185-193 (1996)
13. Kensil CR, 1996 Structure/function studies on QS-21, a unique immunological adjuvant from Quillaja saponaria. Adv Exp Med Biol 404, 165-172 (1996)
14. Cleland JL, 1996 Isomerization and formulation stability of the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. J Pharm Sci 85(1), 22-28 (1996)
15. Makkar HP, 1996 Effect of quillaja saponins on in vitro rumen fermentation. Adv Exp Med Biol 405, 387-394 (1996)
16. Kensil CR, 1996 Saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 13(1-2), 1-55 (1996)
17. Recchia J, 1995 A semisynthetic Quillaja saponin as a drug delivery agent for aminoglycoside antibiotics. Pharm Res 12(12), 1917-1923 (1995)
18. Behboudi S, 1995 Isolation and quantification of Quillaja saponaria Molina saponins and lipids in iscom-matrix and iscoms. Vaccine 13(17), 1690-1696 (1995)
19. Pillion DJ, 1995 DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin, enhances ocular and nasal absorption of insulin. J Pharm Sci 84(11), 1276-1279 (1995)
20. Steinbeck C, 1995 A 4-methyl-7-hydroxyphthalide glycoside and other constituents from Quillaja saponaria molina. Phytochemistry 40(4), 1313-1315 (1995)
21. Ronnberg B, 1995 Adjuvant activity of non-toxic Quillaja saponaria Molina components for use in ISCOM matrix. Vaccine 13(14), 1375-1382 (1995)
22. Hoogerhout P, 1995 Conjugates of synthetic cyclic peptides elicit bactericidal antibodies against a conformational pitope on a class 1 outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 63(9), 3473-3478 (1995)
23. Gebara VC, 1995 Effect of saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on antibody, tumour necrosis factor and interferon-gamma production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 22( Pt 1), 31-37 (1995)
24. Hancock GE, 1995 Formulation of the purified fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus with the saponin QS-21 induces protective immune responses in Balb/c mice that are similar to those generated by experimental infection. Vaccine 13(4), 391-400 (1995)
25. Soltysik S, 1995 Structure/function studies of QS-21 adjuvant: assessment of triterpene aldehyde and glucuronic acid roles in adjuvant function. Vaccine 13(15), 1403-1410 (1995)
26. Coughlin RT, 1995 Adjuvant activity of QS-21 for experimental E. coli 018 polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine 13(1), 17-21 (1995)
27. van Setten DC, 1995 Glycosyl compositions and structural characteristics of the potential immuno-adjuvant active saponins in the Quillaja saponaria Molina extract quil A. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 9(8), 660-666 (1995)
28. Soltysik S, 1993 Adjuvant activity of QS-21 isomers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 690, 392-395 (1993)
29. Wu JY, 1992 Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J Immunol 148(5), 1519-1525 (1992)
30. Kensil CR, 1991 Development of a genetically engineered vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199(10), 1423-1427 (1991)
31. Kensil CR, 1991 Separation and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja saponaria Molina cortex. J Immunol 146(2), 431-437 (1991)
32. White AC, 1991 A purified saponin acts as an adjuvant for a T-independent antigen. Adv Exp Med Biol 303, 207-210 (1991)
33. Chavali SR, 1988 Immunopotentiation by orally-administered Quillaja saponins: effects in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally against rabies. Clin Exp Immunol 74(3), 339-343 (1988)
34. Chavali SR, 1987 Adjuvant effects of orally administered saponins on humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Immunobiology 174(3), 347-359 (1987)
35. Chavali SR, 1987 Immunomodulatory effects of orally-administered saponins and nonspecific resistance against rabies infection. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 84(2), 129-134 (1987)
36. Chavali SR, 1987 An in vitro study of immunomodulatory effects of some saponins. Int J Immunopharmacol 9(6), 675-683 (1987)
37. Maharaj I, 1986 Immune responses of mice to inactivated rabies vaccine administered orally: potentiation by Quillaja saponin. Can J Microbiol 32(5), 414-420 (1986)
38. Morein B, 1984 Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature 308(5958), 457-460 (1984)
39. Raghuprasad PK, 1980 Quillaja bark (soapbark)--induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65(4), 285-287 (1980)
40. Dalsgaard K, 1974 Saponin adjuvants. 3. Isolation of a substance from Quillaja saponaria Molina with adjuvant activity in food-and-mouth disease vaccines. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 44(3), 243-254 (1974)
41. Labriola RA, 1969 The structure of prosapogenin from Quillaja saponin. Experientia 25(2), 124-125 (1969)

 

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