This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Abuta (Cissampelos pareira)
Wu, S. J.," Tetrandrine inhibits proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 expression in human monocytic cells." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007 Jan; 30(1): 59-62.
Hsu, Y. C., et al. "Antifibrotic effects of tetrandrine on hepatic stellate cells and rats with liver fibrosis." J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007 Jan; 22(1): 99-111.
Asai, M.,"Berberine alters the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein to decrease Abeta secretion." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007 Jan; 352(2): 498-502.
Zhu, F., et al. "Berberine chloride can ameliorate the spatial memory impairment and increase the expression of interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease." BMC Neurosci. 2006 Dec 1; 7:78.
Choi, B. H., et al. "Berberine reduces the expression of adipogenic enzymes and inflammatory molecules of 3T3-L1 adipocyte." Exp. Mol. Med. 2006 Dec; 38(6): 599-605.
Issat, T., et al. "Berberine, a natural cholesterol reducing product, exerts antitumor cytostatic/cytotoxic effects independently from the mevalonate pathway." Oncol. Rep. 2006 Dec; 16(6): 1273-6.
Bullough, C., et al. “Herbal medicines used by traditional birth attendants in Malawi.” Trop. Geograph. Med. 1982; 34: 81-85.
Tiwari, K. C., et al. “Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control.” Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1982 Nov; 20(3):133-7.
Adesina, S. K. “Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine.” Fitoterapia.1982; 53: 147–62.
Mokkhasmit, M., et al. “Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants continued.” J. Med. Ass. Thailand 1971; 54(7): 490–504.
Roy, P. K., et al. “A preliminary note on the pharmacological action of the total alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos pareira (false pareira brava).” Indian J. Med. Res. 1952; 40: 95.
Caceres, A., et al. “Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19(3): 233-45.
.Feng, P. C., et al. “Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556–61.

Suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
Mendes, F. R., et al. "Brazilian plants as possible adaptogens: An ethnopharmacological survey of books edited in Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb; 109(3): 493-500.
Oshima, M., et al. "Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17beta, progesterone and testosterone levels in mice." J. Reprod. Dev. 2003 Apr; 49(2): 175-80.
Pinello, K.C., et al. "Effects of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) extract on macrophage activity." Life Sci. 2006 Feb; 78(12): 1287-92.
Arletti, R., et al. "Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual behavior of male rats." Psychopharmacology. 1999; 143(1): 15–9.
Matsuzaki, P., et al. "Antineoplastic effects of butanolic residue of Pfaffia paniculata." Cancer Lett. 2006 Jul; 238(1): 85-9.
Freitas, C. S., et al. "Involvement of nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen, Amaranthaceae, in rats." Life Sci. 2004 Jan; 74(9): 1167-79.
Marques L. C., et al. "Psychopharmacological assessment of Pfaffia glomerata roots (extract BNT-08) in rodents." Phytother. Res. 2004 Jul; 18(7): 566-72.

Maca (Lepidum meyenii)
Zhang, Y., et al. "Effect of ethanol extract of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr; 105(1-2): 274-9.
Rubio, J., et al. "Effect of three different cultivars of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on learning and depression in ovariectomized mice." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006 Jun 23; 6:23.
Bogani, P., et al. "Lepidium meyenii (Maca) does not exert direct androgenic activities." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr; 104(3): 415-7.
Ruiz-Luna, A.C., et al. “Lepidium meyenii (Maca) increases litter size in normal adult female mice.” Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2005 May; 3(1): 16.
Lopez-Fando, A., et al. “Lepidium peruvianum Chacon restores homeostasis impaired by restraint stress.” Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(6): 471-4.
Bogani, P., et al. “Lepidium meyenii (Maca) does not exert direct androgenic activities.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 17;
Zheng, B. L., et al. “Effect of a lipidic extract from Lepidium meyenii on sexual behavior in mice and rats." Urology 2000; 55(4): 598–602.

Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis)
Spelman, K., et al. "Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators." Altern. Med. Rev. 2006 Jun; 11(2): 128-50.
Ban, J. Y., et al. "Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation." Life Sci. 2006 Nov; 79(24) :2251-9.
Ren, L. X., et al. "Antidepressant-like effects of sarsasapogenin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides BUNGE (Liliaceae)." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006 Nov; 29(11): 2304-6.
Ban, J. Y., et al. "Protection of amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity by methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome in cultured rat cortical neurons." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jun; 106(2): 230-7.
Chu, K. T., et al. "Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006 Feb; 340(1): 118-24.
Ji, W., et al. “Effects of Rebixiao granules on blood uric acid in patients with repeatedly attacking acute gouty arthritis.” Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2005 Mar; 11(1): 15-21.
Hu Y, et al. “A new approach to the pharmacological regulation of memory: Sarsasapogenin improves memory by elevating the low muscarinic acetylcholine receptor density in brains of memory-deficit rat models.” Brain Res. 2005 Oct; 1060(1-2): 26-39.
Jiang, J., et al. “Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(1): 53–9.
Ageel, A. M., et al. “Experimental studies on antirheumatic crude drugs used in Saudi traditional medicine.” Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 1989; 15(8): 369–72.
Rafatullah, S., et al. “Hepatoprotective and safety evaluation studies on sarsaparilla.” Int. J. Pharmacognosy 1991; 29: 296–301.

Chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii, laevis)
Bruni, R., et al. "Antimutagenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Maytenus krukovii bark." Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec; 77(7-8): 538-45.
Nakagawa, H., et al. “Chemical constituents from the Colombian medicinal plant Maytenus laevis.” J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67(11): 1919-24.
Moreira, R. R., et al. “Release of intermediate reactive hydrogen peroxide by macrophage cells activated by natural products.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2001; 24(2): 201-4.
Flemming, K. “Increase of phagocytosis activity by Maytenus laevis leaves and Scholler-Tornesch lignine (Porlisan).” Naturwissenschaften. 1965 Jun; 52(12):3 46-7.
Dicarlo F. J., et al. “Protection of mice against gram-positive bacteria with Maytenus laevis and other RES stimulants.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964 May; 116:195-7.

Simarouba (Simarouba amara)
Rivero-Cruz, J. F., et al. “Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in Southern Florida.” Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(2): 136-40.
Mata-Greenwood, E., et al. “ Novel esters of glaucarubolone as inducers of terminal differentiation of promyelocytic HL-60 cells and inhibitors of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in mouse mammary organ culture.” J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(12): 1509-13.
Morre, D. J., et al. “Effect of the quassinoids glaucarubolone and simalikalactone D on growth of cells permanently infected with feline and human immunodeficiency viruses and on viral infections.” Life Sci. 1998; 62(3): 213-9.
Rahman, S., et al. “Anti-tuberculosis activity of quassinoids.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997; 45(9): 1527-9.

Damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca)
Mendes, F., et al. "Brazilian plants as possible adaptogens: An ethnopharmacological survey of books edited in Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb 12; 109(3): 493-500.
Kumar, S., et al. "Pharmacognostic standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward." J. Med. Food. 2006 Summer; 9(2): 254-60.
Kumar, S., et al. "Anti-anxiety activity studies of various extracts of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward." J. Herb Pharmacother. 2005; 5(4): 13-21.
Kumar, S., et al. "Anti-anxiety activity studies on homoeopathic formulations of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2005 Mar; 2(1): 117-119.
Rowland, D. L., et al. "A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions." J. Sex Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun; 29(3): 185-205.
Arletti, R., et al. "Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual-behavior of male rats." Psychopharmacology. 1999; 143(1): 15–19.
Jiu, J. "A survey of some medicinal plants of Mexico for selected biological activity." Lloydia. 1966; 29: 250–59.
Zava, D. T., et al. "Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs and spices." Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1998; 217(3): 369–78.

Erva tostao (Boerhaavia diffusa)
Borrelli, F., et al. "Spasmolytic effects of nonprenylated rotenoid constituents of Boerhaavia diffusa roots." J. Nat. Prod. 2006; 69(6): 903-6.
Rawat, A. K., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. roots—a popular Indian ethnomedicine." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 56(1): 61–66.
Chandan, B. K., et al. “Boerhaavia diffusa: a study of its hepatoprotective activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 299–307.
Barthwal, M., et al. “Histologic studies on endometrium of menstruating monkeys wearing IUDS: comparative evaluation of drugs.” Adv. Contracept. 1990; 6(2): 113–24.
Bharali, R., et al. “Chemopreventive action of Boerhaavia diffusa on DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice.” Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2003 Oct; 47(4): 459-64.
Mehrotra, S., et al. “Antilymphoproliferative activity of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots.” Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2002 Jun; 72(3): 236-42.
Satheesh, M. A., et al. “Antioxidant effect of Boerhavia diffusa L. in tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats.” Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2004; 42(10): 989-92.
Mehrotra, S., et al. “Immunomodulation by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002; 7: 987-96.
Mungantiwarn, A. A., et al. “Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Boerhaavia diffusa alkaloidal fraction.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999 May; 65(2): 125-31.

Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Hardin, S. R. "Cat's claw: An Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis." Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2007 Feb; 13(1): 25-8.
Spelman, K., et al. "Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators." Altern. Med. Rev. 2006 Jun; 11(2): 128-50.
Pilarski, R., et al. “Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 18-23.
Lemaire, I., et al. “Stimulation of interleukin-1 and -6 production in alveolar macrophages by the neotropical liana, Uncaria tomentosa (una de gato).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 64(2): 109–15.
Riva, L., et al. “The antiproliferative effects of Uncaria tomentosa extracts and fractions on the growth of breast cancer cell line." Anticancer Res. 2001; 21(4A): 2457–61.
Sheng, Y., et al. “Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human tumor cells treated with extracts of Uncaria tomentosa." Anticancer Res. 1998; 18(5A): 3363–68.
Salazar, E. L., et al. “Depletion of specific binding sites for estrogen receptor by Uncaria tomentosa." Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 1998; 41(1): 123–124.
Cisneros, F. J., et al. “An Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) extract protects mice against ozone-induced lung inflammation.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan; 96(3): 355-64.
Goncalves, C., et al. “Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa bark decoction: a mechanism for anti-inflammatory activity.” Phytochemistry. 2005; 66(1): 89-98.
Pilarski, R., et al. “Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 18-23.
Sheng, Y., et al. “DNA repair enhancement of aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa in a human volunteer study." Phytomedicine. 2001; 8(4): 275–82.