This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Bellaco-Caspi (Himatanthus sucuuba, lancifolius)
In Peruvian herbal medicine systems bellaco-caspi is traditionally used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever.*
Villegas, L., et al. "Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of selected traditional medicinal plants from Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 55: 193-200.
De Miranda, A. L., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the latex containing triterpenes from Himatanthus sucuuba." Planta Med. 2000; 66(3): 284-286.
Rattmann, Y. et al. "Effects of alkaloids of Himatanthus lancifolius (Muell. Arg.) Woodson, Apocynaceae, on smooth muscle responsiveness." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Sep; 100(3): 268-75.

Tamamuri (Brosimum acutifolium)
In herbal medicine systems in Peru, tamamuri is considered a pain-reliever, anti-inflammatory, blood cleanser, aphrodisiac and tonic. It is used for arthritis and rheumatism (including rheumatoid arthritis), muscle pain and injuries.*
Dos Santos, M. C., et al. "Avaliação do tratamento da artrite induzida por adjuvante completo de freund em ratos Lewis com as frações isoladas de Brosimum acutifolium." Proceedings of the XV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UFAM. Brazil. Aug. 2003; page 223.
Dos Santos, M. C., et al. "Avaliação da toxicidade do extrato hidro-alcoólico e das frações isoladas de Brosimum acutifolium no tratamento da artrite induzida por adjuvante completo de freund em ratos Lewis." Proceedings of the XV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UFAM. Brazil. Aug. 2003; page 222.
Takashima, J., et al. "Mururins A-C, three new lignoids from Brosimum acutifolium and their protein kinase inhibitory activity." Planta Med. 2002; 68(7): 621-625.
Aksoy, E., et al. "Protein kinase C epsilon: A new target to control inflammation and immune-mediated disorders." Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004; 36(2): 183-8.

Ubos (Spondias mombin)
In the Peruvian Amazon ubos bark is considered analgesic and antispasmodic and used for arthritis, rheumatism, muscle and joint pain, injuries and inflammation.*
Abad, M., et al. "Antiinflammatory activity of some medicinal plant extracts from Venezuela". J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 55: 63-68.
Uchendu, C., et al. "Spasmogenic activity of butanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin in isolated uterine muscle of the rat: role of calcium. J. Nat. Remedies 2005; 5(1): 7-14.
Calderon, A., et al. "Forest plot as a tool to demonstrate the pharmaceutical potential of plants in a tropical forest of Panama." Econ. Bot. 2000; 54(3): 278-294.

Cumaseba (Swartzia polyphylla)
Cumaseba is traditionally used in Peru for rheumatism and arthritis.*
Du Bois, J. L., et al. "Dihydrolicoisoflavone, a new isoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla." J. Nat. Prod. 1995: 58(4): 629-632.
Du Bois, J. L., et al. "Fereirinol, a new 3-hydroxyisoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla." J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(9): 902-903.

Bobinsana (Calliandra angustifolia)
The indigenous people and tribes in the Madre de Dios region of the Peruvian Amazon use bobinsana for bone pain, arthritis, rheumatism, and colds.*
Dunstan, C. A., et al. "Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 57: 35-56.
Romero, J. T., et al. "Cis-4-hydroxypipecolic acid and 2,4-cis-4,5-trans-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid from Calliandra." Phytochemistry. 1983; 22(7): 1615-1617.

Manaca (Brufelsia uniflora)
In the Ecuadorian Amazon manaca is traditionally used for arthritis, rheumatism, colds and flu, uterine pain and cramps, venereal diseases, and to purify the blood.*
Rollinger, J. M., et al. "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of scopolin and scopoletin discovered by virtual screening of natural products." J. Med. Chem. 2004 Dec 2; 47(25): 6248-54.
Park, J. H., et al. "Antiinflammatory activity of Synurus deltoides." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(11): 930-3.
Kim, H. J., et al. "Scopoletin suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 from LPS-stimulated cell line, RAW 264.7 cells." Fitoterapia. 2004 Jun; 75(3-4): 261-6.
Ruppelt, B. M., et al. "Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom–I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86: 203–5.
Iyer, R. P., et al. "Brunfelsia hopeana I: Hippocratic screening and antiinflammatory evaluation." Lloydia. 1977; 40(4): 356–60.

Ajos Sacha (Mansoa alliacea)
The Shipibo-Conibo Indian of the Peruvian Amaozn prepare ajos sacha into a poultice to use on bumps, swellings and inflammatory conditions of the skin.*
Dunstan, C. A., et al. "Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 57: 35-56.
Scogin, R. "Anthocyanins of the Bignoniaceae." Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1980; 273-276.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. "Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) of medicinal plants used in Southwest Amazona (Bolivia and Peru)." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997; 35(4): 288-296.