This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Abuta (Cissampelos pareira)
Bullough, C., et al. “Herbal medicines used by traditional birth attendants in Malawi.” Trop. Geograph. Med. 1982; 34: 81-85.
Tiwari, K. C., et al. “Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control.” Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1982 Nov; 20(3):133-7.
Feng, P. C., et al. “Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556–61.
Moreno, M. S. F., et al. “Action of several popular medicaments on the isolated uterus.“ C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1922; 87:563-564.
Adesina, S. K. “Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine.” Fitoterapia.1982; 53: 147–62.
Mokkhasmit, M., et al. “Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants continued.” J. Med. Ass. Thailand 1971; 54(7): 490–504.
Roy, P. K., et al. “A preliminary note on the pharmacological action of the total alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos pareira (false pareira brava).” Indian J. Med. Res. 1952; 40: 95.
Amresh, A., et al. “Ethnomedical value of Cissampelos pareira extract in experimentally induced diarrhoea.” Acta Pharm. 2004 Mar; 54(1): 27-35.
Caceres, A., et al. “Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19(3): 233-45.

Cumaseba (Swartzia polyphylla)
Du Bois, J. L., et al. “Dihydrolicoisoflavone, a new isoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla.” J. Nat. Prod. 1995: 58(4): 629-632.
Du Bois, J. L., et al. “Fereirinol, a new 3-hydroxyisoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla.” J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(9): 902-903.
Rojas, R., et al. “Larvicidal, antimycobacterial and antifungal compounds from the bark of the Peruvian plant Swartzia polyphylla DC.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006; 54(2): 278-279.

Tayuya (Cayaponia tayuya)
Escandell, J. M., et al. “Dihydrocucurbitacin B, isolated from Cayaponia tayuya, reduces damage in adjuvant- induced arthritis.” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 26;
Recio, M. C., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of two cucurbitacins isolated from Cayaponia tayuya roots.” Planta Med. 2004; 70(5): 414-20.
Himeno, E., et al. “Structures of cayaponosides A, B, C and D, glucosides of new nor-cucurbitacins in the roots of Cayaponia tayuya.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 1992; 40(10): 2885–87.
Ruppelt, B. M., et al. “Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom—I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86 (Suppl. 2): 203–5.
Rios, J. L., et al. “A study of the anti-inflammatory activity of Cayaponia tayuya root.” Fitoterapia 1990; 61(3):275–78.
Faria, M. R. and E. P. Schenkel. “Caracterizacao de cucurbitacinas em especies vegetais cohecidas popularmente como taiuiá.” Ciencia e Cultura (São Paulo) 1987; 39: 970–73.
Bauer, R., et al. “Cucurbitacins and flavone C-glycosides from Cayaponia tayuya.” Phytochemisty. 1984: 1587–91.

Bellaco Caspi (Himatanthus sucuuba)
Rattmann, Y. et al. "Effects of alkaloids of Himatanthus lancifolius (Muell. Arg.) Woodson, Apocynaceae, on smooth muscle responsiveness." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Sep; 100(3): 268-75.
Villegas, L., et al. "Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of selected traditional medicinal plants from Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 55: 193-200.
De Miranda, A. L., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the latex containing triterpenes from Himatanthus sucuuba." Planta Med. 2000; 66(3): 284-286.

Iporuru (Alchornea castaneifolia)
Manga, H. M., et al. “In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun; 92(2-3): 209-14.
Osadebe, P. O., et al. “Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Nov; 89(1):19-24.
Tona, L., et al. “Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo.” Phytomedicine. 2000 Mar; 7(1): 31-8.
Dunstan, C. A., et al. “Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 57: 35–56.
Ogungbamila, F. O., et al. “Smooth muscle–relaxing flavonoids from Alchornea cordifolia.” Acta Pharm. Nord. 1990; 2(6): 421–22.
Persinos-Perdue, G., et al. “Evaluation of Peruvian folk medicine by the natural products research laboratories.” Abstra. Joint Meeting American Society of Pharmacognosy and Society for Economic Botany, Boston, 1981; (5) 13.

Erva Tostão (Boerhaavia diffusa)
Barthwal, M., et al. “Management of IUD-associated menorrhagia in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)." Adv. Contracept. 1991; 7(1): 67–76.
Barthwal, M., et al. “Histologic studies on endometrium of menstruating monkeys wearing IUDS: comparative evaluation of drugs.” Adv. Contracept. 1990; 6(2): 113–24.
Borrelli, F., et al. “Isolation of new rotenoids from Boerhaavia diffusa and evaluation of their effect on intestinal motility.” Planta Med. 2005; 71(10): 928-32.
Hiruma-Lima, C. A., et al. “The juice of fresh leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) markedly reduces pain in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 71(1–2): 267–74.
Akah, P., et al. “Nigerian plants with anti-convulsant property.” Fitoterapia 1993; 64(1): 42–44.
Adesina, S. “Anticonvulsant properties of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa.” Q. J. Crude Drug Res. 1979; 17: 84–86.
Dhar, M., et al. “Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part I.” Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968; 6: 232–47.

Culen (Psoralea glandulosa)
Backhouse, C., et al. “Active constituents isolated from Psoralea glandulosa L. with antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78(1): 27-31.
Ferrandiz, M., et al. “Effect of bakuchiol on leukocyte functions and some inflammatory responses in mice.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996; 48(9): 975-980.
Backhouse, N., et al. “Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cuscuta chilensis, Cestrum parqui and Psoralea glandulosa.” Int. J. Pharmacog. 1996; 34(1): 53-57.

Chuchuhausi (Maytenus macrocarpa, krukovii)
Honda, T., et al. “Partial synthesis of krukovines A and B, triterpene ketones isolated from the Brazilian medicinal plant Maytenus krukovii.” J. Nat. Prod. 1997; 60(11): 1174-77.
Morita, H., et al. “Triterpenes from Brazilian medicinal plant “chuchuhuasi” (Maytenus krukovii).” J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(11): 1072-75.
Sekar K. V., et al. “Mayteine and 6-benzoyl-6-deacetyl-mayteine from Maytenus krukovii.” Planta Med. 1995; 61: 390.
Bradshaw, D., et al. “Therapeutic potential of protein kinase C inhibitors.” Agents and Actions 1993; 38: 135-47.
Itokawa, H., et al. “Isolation, structural elucidation and conformational analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Maytenus ebenifolia Reiss. X-ray molecular structure of ebenifoline W-1.” J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. I 1993; 11: 1247-54.
Itokawa, H., et al. “Oligo-nicotinated sesquiterpene polyesters from Maytenus ilicifolia.” J. Nat. Prod. 1993; 56: 1479-85.
Gonzalez, J. G., et al. “Chuchuhuasha—a drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. A chemical study of Maytenus laevis.” J. Ethnopharm. 1982; 5: 73–7.
Moya, S., et al. “Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the antiarthritics of plant origin.” Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quim. Farm. 1977; 3(2): 5.

Cramp Bark (Viburnum opulus)
Nicholson, J. A., et al. “Viopudial, a hypotensive and smooth muscle antispasmodic from Viburnum opulus.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1972 Jun; 140(2): 457-61.
Smirnova, A. S., et al. “[Comparative study of the astringent effect of liquid extracts from Viburnum opulus L].” Farmatsiia. 1968 Jul-Aug; 17(4): 42-5.

Ubos (Spondias mombin)
Akubue, P., et al. "Preliminary pharmacological study of some Nigerian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1983; 8(1): 53-63.
Uchendu, C., et al. "Spasmogenic activity of butanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin in isolated uterine muscle of the rat: role of calcium. J. Nat. Remedies 2005; 5(1): 7-14.
Ayoka, A., et al. "Studies on the anxiolytic effect of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) extracts." J. Trad. CAM. 2005: 2(2): 153-165.
Ayoka, A., et al. "Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jan; 103(2): 166-75.