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Third-Party Published Research*
This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.
Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides)
Rowland, D. L., et al. “A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions.” J. Sex. Marital
Ther. 2003 May-Jun; 29(3): 185-205.
Waynberg, J. “Male sexual asthenia—interest in a traditional plant-derived medication.” Ethnopharmacology; 1995.
Waynberg, J. “Contributions to the clinical validation of the traditional use of Ptychopetalum guyanna.” Presented at the First
International Congress on Ethnopharmacology, Strasbourg, France, June 5-9, 1990.
Bucci, L. R., et al. ”Selected herbals and human exercise performance.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2 Suppl): 624S-36S.
Paiva, L., et al. “Effects of Ptychocepalum olacoides extract on mouse behaviour in forced swimming and open field tests.”
Phytother. Res. 1998; 12(4): 294–96.
da Silva, A. L., et al. “Memory retrieval improvement by Ptychopetalum olacoides in young and aging mice.” J. Ethnopharmacol.
2004 Dec; 95(2-3): 199-203.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Neuroprotective effects of Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Olacaceae) on oxygen and glucose
deprivation induced damage in rat hippocampal slices.” Life Sci. 2004 Aug; 75(15): 1897-906.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian "nerve tonic," possesses anticholinesterase activity.”
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003 Jun; 75(3): 645-50.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Psychopharamcological properties of Ptychopetalum olachoides Bentham (Olacaceae).” Pharmaceutical
Biol. 1998; 36(5): 327–34.
Maca (Lepidum meyenii)
Lopez-Fando, A., et al. “Lepidium peruvianum Chacon restores homeostasis impaired by restraint stress.” Phytother. Res.
2004; 18(6): 471-4.
Cicero, A. F., et al. “Hexanic maca extract improves rat sexual performance more effectively than methanolic and chloroformic
maca extracts.” Andrologia. 2002; 34(3): 177–79.
Cicero, A. F., et al. “Lepidium meyenii Walp. improves sexual behaviour in male rats independently from its action on
spontaneous locomotor activity.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75(2–3): 225–29.
Zheng, B. L., et al. “Effect of a lipidic extract from Lepidium meyenii on sexual behavior in mice and rats." Urology 2000; 55(4):
598–602.
Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Red maca (Lepidium meyenii) reduced prostate size in rats.” Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2005; 3(1): 5.
Chung, F., et al. “Dose-response effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) aqueous extract on testicular function and weight of
different organs in adult rats.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr; 98(1-2): 143-7.
Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum
reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men.” J. Endocrinol. 2003; 176(1): 163–68.
Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone
levels in adult healthy men.” Andrologia. 2002; 34(6): 367–72.
Catuaba (Erythroxylum)
Vaz, Z. R., et al. “Analgesic effect of the herbal medicine Catuaba in thermal and chemical models of nociception in mice.”
Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(2): 101–6.
Barbosa, N. R., et al. “Inhibition of platelet phospholipase A2 activity by catuaba extract suggests anti-inflammatory properties.”
Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(11): 942-4.
Campos, M. M., et al. “Antidepressant-like effects of Trichilia catigua (Catuaba) extract: evidence for dopaminergic-mediated
mechanisms.” Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005; 182(1): 45-53.
Suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
Oshima, M., et al. “Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17beta, progesterone and testosterone levels in
mice.” J. Reprod. Dev. 2003 Apr; 49(2): 175-80.
Arletti, R., et al. “Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual behavior of male rats."
Psychopharmacology. 1999; 143(1): 15–9.
Matsumoto, I., “Beta-ecdysone from Pfaffia paniculata." Japanese patent no. 82/118,422. January 20, 1984.
de Oliveira, F. G., et al. “Contribution to the pharmacognostic study of Brazilian ginseng Pfaffia paniculata.” An. Farm. Quim.
1980; 20(1–2): 277–361.
Pinello, K. C., et al. “Effects of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) extract on macrophage activity.” Life Sci. 2005 Oct 6;
Mazzanti, G., et al. “Analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze." Phytother. Res. 1994; 8(7):
413-16.
Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis)
Hu, Y., et al. “A new approach to the pharmacological regulation of memory: Sarsasapogenin improves memory by elevating
the low muscarinic acetylcholine receptor density in brains of memory-deficit rat models.” Brain Res. 2005 Oct; 1060(1-2):
26-39.
Bernardo, R. R., et al. “Steroidal saponins from Smilax officinalis.” Phytochemistry. 1996; 43(2): 465-9.
Chen, T., et al. “A new flavanone isolated from Rhizoma smilacis glabrae and the structural requirements for its derivatives
for preventing immunological hepatocyte damage." Planta Med. 1999; 65(1): 56–9.
Rafatullah, S., et al. “Hepatoprotective and safety evaluation studies on sarsaparilla.” Int. J. Pharmacognosy 1991; 29:
296–301.
Chu, K. T., et al. “Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory
activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes.” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005 Dec; 340(1): 118.
Chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii, macrocarpa)
Nakagawa, H., et al. “Chemical constituents from the Colombian medicinal plant Maytenus laevis.” J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67(11):
1919-24.
Moreira, R. R., et al. “Release of intermediate reactive hydrogen peroxide by macrophage cells activated by natural products.”
Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2001; 24(2): 201-4.
Flemming, K. “Increase of phagocytosis activity by Maytenus laevis leaves and Scholler-Tornesch lignine (Porlisan).”
Naturwissenschaften. 1965 Jun; 52(12):3 46-7.
Dicarlo F. J., et al. “Protection of mice against gram-positive bacteria with Maytenus laevis and other RES stimulants.” Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964 May; 116:195-7.
Nettles (Urtica dioica)
Popa, G., et al. “Efficacy of a combined Sabal-urtica preparation in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study.” MMW Fortschr. Med. 2005 Oct; 147 Suppl 3:103-8.
Lopatkin, N., et al. “Long-term efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract for lower urinary tract symptoms--a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial.” World J. Urol. 2005 Jun; 23(2): 139-46.
Popa, G., et al. “Benign prostate syndrome: urinary tract symptoms can be eased with phytotherapy.” MMW Fortschr. Med.
2005 Aug; 147(33-34):42.
Schneider, T., et al. “Stinging nettle root extract (Bazoton-uno) in long term treatment of benign prostatic syndrome (BPS).
Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study after 12 months” Urologe A. 2004 Mar;43(3):302-6.
Durak, I., et al. “Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes significant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue
from patients with prostate cancer.” Cancer Biol. Ther. 2004; 3(9): 855-7.
Melo, E. A., et al. “Evaluating the efficiency of a combination of Pygeum africanum and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts
in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial.” Int. Braz. J. Urol. 2002 Sep-Oct; 28(5): 418-25.
Koch, E. “Extracts from fruits of saw palmetto (Sabal serrulata) and roots of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica): viable alternatives
in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tracts symptoms.” Planta Med. 2001;
67: 489-500.
Sokeland, J. “Combined sabal and urtica extract compared with finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: analysis
of prostate volume and therapeutic outcome.” B. J. U. Int. 2000; 86(4): 439-42.
Schottner, M., et al. “Lignans from the roots of Urtica dioica and their metabolites bind to human sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG).” Planta Med. 1997; 63(6): 529-32.
Lichius, J. J., et al. “The inhibiting effects of Urtica dioica root extracts on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in the
mouse.” Planta Med. 1997; 63(4): 307-10.
Hryb, D. J., et al. “The effect of extracts of the roots of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the interaction of SHBG with its
receptor on human prostatic membranes.” Planta Med. 1995; 61(1): 31-2.
Koch E. and A. Biber. "Pharmacological effects of saw palmetto and urtica extracts for benign prostatic hyperplasia." Urologe
1994; 34(2): 90-95.
Krzeski, T., et al. “Combined extracts of Urtica dioica and Pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia:
double-blind comparison of two doses.” Clin. Ther. 1993; 15(6): 1011-20.
Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril)
Abdel-Kader, M., et al. “Isolation and absolute configuration of ent-Halimane diterpenoids from Hymenaea courbaril from the
Suriname rain forest.” J. Nat. Prod. 2002; 65(1): 11-5.
Braga, F. C., et al. “Screening Brazilian plant species for in vitro inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase.” Phytomedicine. 2000; 6(6):
447-52.
Verpoorte, R., et al. "Medicinal plants of Surinam. IV. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987;
21(3): 315-18.
Rahalison, L., et al. "Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian plants." Inst. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 68-76.
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