This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Manacá (Brunfelsia uniflorus)
Barreiro Arcos, M. L., et al. "Tilia cordata Mill. extracts and scopoletin (isolated compound): differential cell growth effects on lymphocytes." Phytother. Res. 2006; 20(1): 34-40.
Kim, E. K., et al. "Scopoletin induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by activations of nuclear factor kappaB and caspase-3." Life Sci. 2005; 77(7): 824-36.
Shaw, C. Y., et al. "Antioxidant properties of scopoletin isolated from Sinomonium acutum. " Phytother. Res. 2003 Aug; 17(7): 823-5.
Liu, X. L., et al. "Effect of scopoletin on PC(3) cell proliferation and apoptosis." Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2001; 22(10): 929–33.
Iyer, R. P., et al. "Brunfelsia hopeana—Pharmacologic screening: isolation and characterization of hoppeanine." Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 1978; 39: 761.

Bellaco-Caspi (Himatanthus sucuuba)
Guignard, E., et al. "Screening of plants found in Amazonas state for lethality towards brine shrimp." Acta Amazonica. 2003; 33(1): 93-104.
Persinos-Perdue, G., et al. " South American plants. III. Isolation of fulvoplumierin from Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae). J. Pharm. Sci. 1978; 67: 1322.
Kardono, L., et al. "Cytotoxic constituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in Indonesia." J. Nat. Prod. 1990 Nov-Dec; 53(6):1447-55.
Wood, C. A., et al. "A bioactive spirolactone iridoid and triterpenoids from Himatanthus sucuuba." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001; 49(11): 1477-1478.
De Silva, J. R., et al. "Triterpenic esters from Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson." Quimica Nova 1998; 21(6): 702-704.
Hamburger, M., et al. "Traditional medicinal plants of Thailand. XVII. Biologically active constituents of Plumeria rubra." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Jul; 33(3): 289-92.

Sarsaparilla (Smilax sp)
Chu, K. T., et al. "Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005 Dec; 340(1): 118.
Jiang, J., et al. "Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(1): 53–9.
Santos, W. R., et al. "Haemolytic activities of plant saponins and adjuvants. Effect of Periandra mediterranea saponin on the humoral response to the FML antigen of Leishmania donovani." Vaccine. 1997; 15(9): 1024–29.
Ma, D., et al. "Effect of sarsasapogenin and its derivatives on the stimulus coupled responses of human neutrophils." Clin. Chim. Acta. 2001 Dec; 314(1-2): 107-12.

Bobinsana (Calliandra angustifolia)
Dunstan, C. A., et al. "Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 57: 35-56.
Romero, J. T., et al. "Cis-4-hydroxypipecolic acid and 2,4-cis-4,5-trans-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid from Calliandra." Phytochemistry. 1983; 22(7): 1615-1617.

Suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
Pinello, K.C., et al. "Effects of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) extract on macrophage activity." Life Sci. 2005 Oct 6;
Mazzanti, G., et al. "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze." Phytother. Res. 1994; 8(7): 413-16.
Mazzanti, G., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze and Pfaffia stenophylla (Sprengel) Stuchl." Pharmacol. Res. 1993; 27(1): 91–92.
da Silva, T. C., et al. "Inhibitory effects of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) on preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in a mouse hepatocarcinogenesis model." Cancer Lett. 2005 Aug; 226(2): 107-13.
Matsuzaki, P., et al. "Antineoplastic effects of butanolic residue of Pfaffia paniculata." Cancer Lett. 2005 Jul 25;
Matsuzaki, P., et al. "Effect of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) on the Ehrlich tumor in its ascitic form." Life Sci. 2003 Dec; 74(5): 573-9.

Canchalagua (Schkuhria pinnata)
Nam, N. H. "Naturally occurring NF-KappaB inhibitors." Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 2006; 6(8): 945-51.
De Marino, S., et al. "New sesquiterpene lactones from Laurus nobilis leaves as inhibitors of nitric oxide production." Planta Med. 2005; 71(8): 706-10.
Ganzer, U., et al. "Schkuhripinnatolides, unusual sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata." Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(2): 535-539.
Pacciaroni, A. D. V., et al. "Sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata." Phytochemistry. 1995; 39(1): 127-131.
Bohlmann, F., et al. "Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. 102. New nerol derivatives and a new class of dihydrocinnamyl alcohol derivates from Schkuhria species." Phytochemistry. 1977: 780-781.

Tamamuri (Brosimum acutifolium)
Takashima, J., et al. "Mururins A-C, three new lignoids from Brosimum acutifolium and their protein kinase inhibitory activity." Planta Med. 2002; 68(7): 621-625.
Stallings-Mann, M., et al. "A novel small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase Ciota blocks transformed growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells." Cancer Res. 2006 Feb; 66(3):1767-74.
Cohen, E. E., et al. "Protein kinase C zeta mediates epidermal growth factor-induced growth of head and neck tumor cells by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase." Cancer Res. 2006 Jun; 66(12): 6296-303.
Monks, N. R., et al. "Anti-tumour screening of Brazilian plants." Pharma. Biol. 2002; 40(8): 603–616.
Takashima, J., et al. "Brosimacutins J-M, four new flavonoids from Brosimum acutifolium and their cytotoxic activity." Planta Med. 2005; 71(7): 654-8.