This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Avenca (Adiantum capillus-veneris)
Murthy, R. S. R., et al. “Anti-implantation activity of isoadiantone.” Indian Drugs 1984; 21(4): 141–44.
Murti, S. “Post coital anti-implantation activity of Indian medicinal plants.” Abstr. 32nd Indian Pharmaceutical Cong. Nagpur. 1981; Abstract D14: 23–5.
Mahmoud, M. J., et al. “In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salsola rosmarinus and Adiantum capillus-veneris.” Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1989; 27(1): 14–16.
Husson, G. P., et al. “Research into antiviral properties of a few natural extracts.” Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1986; 44(1): 41–8.

Muira Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides)
Mendes, F. R., et al. "Brazilian plants as possible adaptogens: An ethnopharmacological survey of books edited in Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb; 109(3): 493-500.
da Silva, A. L., et al. "Promnesic effects of Ptychopetalum olacoides in aversive and non-aversive learning paradigms." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb; 109(3): 449-457.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. "Neuroprotective effects of Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Olacaceae) on oxygen and glucose deprivation induced damage in rat hippocampal slices." Life Sci. 2004 Aug; 75(15): 1897-906.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. "Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian "nerve tonic," possesses anticholinesterase activity." Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003 Jun; 75(3): 645-50.
Forgacs, P., et al. "Phytochemical and biological activity studies on 18 plants from French Guyana." Plant Med. Phytother. 1983; 17(1): 22–32.
Rowland, D. L., et al. "A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions." J. Sex. Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun; 29(3): 185-205.
Waynberg, J., et al. "Effects of Herbal vX on libido and sexual activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women." Adv. Ther. 2000 Sep-Oct; 17(5): 255-62.

Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Schottner, M., et al. "Lignans from the roots of Urtica dioica and their metabolites bind to human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)." Planta Med. 1997; 63(6): 529-32.
Safarinejad, M. R., "Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study." J. Herb Pharmacother. 2005; 5(4): 1-11.
Popa, G., et al. "Efficacy of a combined Sabal-urtica preparation in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study." MMW Fortschr. Med. 2005 Oct; 147 Suppl 3:103-8.
Harput, U.S., et al. "Stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and inhibition of nitric oxide production by aqueous Urtica dioica extract." Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(4): 346-8.
Schneider, T., et al. "Stinging nettle root extract (Bazoton-uno) in long term treatment of benign prostatic syndrome (BPS). Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study after 12 months" Urologe A. 2004 Mar;43(3):302-6.
Carson, C., et al. "The role of dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia." Urology. 2003; 61(4 Suppl 1):2-7.
Gullcin, I., et al. "Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and inhibitory effects of some chemicals on enzyme activity." J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2005 Jun; 20(3): 297-302.
Lichius, J. J., et al. "The inhibiting effects of Urtica dioica root extracts on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in the mouse." Planta Med. 1997; 63(4): 307-10.
Hryb, D. J., et al. "The effect of extracts of the roots of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the interaction of SHBG with its receptor on human prostatic membranes." Planta Med. 1995; 61(1): 31-2.
Krzeski, T., et al. "Combined extracts of Urtica dioica and Pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: double-blind comparison of two doses." Clin. Ther. 1993; 15(6): 1011-20.

Chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii)
Bradshaw, D., et al. "Therapeutic potential of protein kinase C inhibitors." Agents and Actions 1993; 38: 135-47.
Bruni, R., et al. "Antimutagenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Maytenus krukovii bark." Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec; 77(7-8): 538-45.
Honda, T., et al. "Partial synthesis of krukovines A and B, triterpene ketones isolated from the Brazilian medicinal plant Maytenus krukovii." J. Nat. Prod. 1997; 60(11): 1174-77.
Morita, H., et al. "Triterpenes from Brazilian medicinal plant "chuchuhuasi" (Maytenus krukovii)." J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(11): 1072-75.
Sekar, K. V., et al. "Mayteine and 6-benzoyl-6-deacetyl-mayteine from Maytenus krukovii." Planta Med. 1995; 61: 390.
Itokawa, H., et al. "Isolation, structural elucidation and conformational analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Maytenus ebenifolia Reiss. X-ray molecular structure of ebenifoline W-1." J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1993; 11: 1247-54.

Catuaba (Erythroxylum catuaba)
Barbosa, N. R., et al. "Inhibition of platelet phospholipase A2 activity by catuaba extract suggests anti-inflammatory properties." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(11): 942-4.
Uchino, T., et al. "Potent protecting effects of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) extracts against hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity." Toxicol. In Vitro. 2004 Jun; 18(3): 255-63.
Pizzolatti, M. G., et al. "Two epimeric flavalignans from Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae) with antimicrobial activity." Z. Naturforsch. 2002; 57(5–6): 483–88.
Satoh, M., et al. "Cytotoxic constituents from Erythroxylum catuaba. Isolation and cytotoxic activities of cinchonain." Natural Med. 2000; 54(2): 97–100.
Manabe, H., et al. "Effects of catuaba extracts on microbial and HIV infection." In Vivo 1992; 6(2): 161–65.

Mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia)
Kamimura, A., et al. "Procyanidin oligomers counteract TGF-beta1- and TGF-beta2-induced apoptosis in hair epithelial cells: an insight into their mechanisms." Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006; 19(5): 259-65.
Kamimura, A., et al. “Procyanidin B-2, extracted from apples, promotes hair growth: A laboratory study.” Br. J. Dermatol. 2002; 146(1): 41–51.
Takahashi, T., et al. “The first clinical trial of topical application of procyanidin B-2 to investigate its potential as a hair growing agent.” Phytother. Res. 2001; 15(4): 331–36.
Takahashi, T., et al. “Several selective protein kinase C inhibitors including procyanidins promote hair growth.” Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 2000 May-Aug; 13(3-4): 133-42.
Takahashi, T., et al. “Toxicological studies on procyanidin B-2 for external application as a hair growing agent.” Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999; 37(5): 545–52.
Takahashi, T., et al. “Procyanidin oligomers selectively and intensively promote proliferation of mouse hair epithelial cells in vitro and activate hair follicle growth in vivo.” J. Invest. Dermatol. 1999; 112(3): 310-6.

Gervâo (Stachytarpeta sp)
Lee, J. H., et al. "The effect of acteoside on histamine release and arachidonic acid release in RBL-2H3 mast cells." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006 Jun; 29(6): 508-13.
Dabaghi-Barbosa, P., et al. "Hispidulin: antioxidant properties and effect on mitochondrial energy metabolism." Free Radic. Res. 2005; 39(12): 1305-15.
Qiusheng, Z., et al. "Effects of verbascoside and luteolin on oxidative damage in brain of heroin treated mice." Pharmazie. 2005; 60(7): 539-43.
Zhao, C., et al. "In vitro" protection of DNA from Fenton reaction by plant polyphenol verbascoside." Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2005 May 25; 1723(1-3): 114-23.
Alvarez, E., et al. "Inhibitory effects of leaf extracts of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Verbenaceae) on the respiratory burst of rat macrophages." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(6): 457-62.
Liu, M.J.,et al."The effects of verbascoside on plasma lipid peroxidation level and erythrocyte membrane fluidity during immobilization in rabbits: a time course study." Life Sci. 2003 Jul; 73(7): 883-92.
Sheng, G. Q., et al. "Protective effect of verbascoside on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells." Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002; 451(2): 119–24.
Daels-Rakotoarison, D. A., et al. "Neurosedative and antioxidant activities of phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra." Arzneimittelforschung. 2000; 50(1): 16-23.
Sanz, M. J., et al. "Influence of a series of natural flavonoids on free radical generating systems and oxidative stress." Xenobiotica. 1994; 24(7): 689-99.

Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis)
Shao, B., et al. "Steroidal saponins from Smilax china and their anti-inflammatory activities." Phytochemistry. 2007 Mar; 68(5): 623-30.
Jeon, S. Y., et al. "Beta-secretase (BACE1)-inhibiting stilbenoids from Smilax Rhizoma." Phytomedicine. 2006 Nov 2
Ban, J. Y., et al. "Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation." Life Sci. 2006 Nov; 79(24): 2251-9.
Ma, D., et al. "Effect of sarsasapogenin and its derivatives on the stimulus coupled responses of human neutrophils." Clin. Chim. Acta. 2001 Dec; 314(1-2): 107-12.
Chu, K. T., et al. "Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005 Dec; 340(1): 118.
Jiang, J., et al. "Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(1): 53–9.
Chen, T., et al. "A new flavanone isolated from Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and the structural requirements for its derivatives for preventing immunological hepatocyte damage." Planta Med. 1999; 65(1): 56–9.