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Third-Party Published Research*
This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.
Sarsaparilla (Smilax sp.)
Iddamaldeniya, S. S., et al. "A long-term investigation of the anti-hepatocarcinogenic potential of an indigenous medicine comprised of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra." J. Carcinog. 2006 May; 5: 11.
Jeon, S. Y., et al. "Beta-secretase (BACE1)-inhibiting stilbenoids from Smilax rhizoma." Phytomedicine. 2006 Nov 2;
Ban, J. Y., et al. "Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation." Life Sci. 2006 Nov; 79(24) :2251-9.
Ban, J. Y., et al. "Protection of amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity by methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome in cultured rat cortical neurons." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jun; 106(2): 230-7.
Spelman, K., et al. "Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators." Altern. Med. Rev. 2006 Jun; 11(2): 128-50.
Chu, K. T., et al. "Smilaxin, a novel protein with immunostimulatory, antiproliferative, and HIV-1-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from fresh Smilax glabra rhizomes." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006 Feb; 340(1):118-24.
Wang, J., et al. “Astilbin prevents concanavalin A-induced liver injury by reducing TNF-alpha production and T lymphocytes adhesion.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56(4): 495-502.
Iddamaldeniya, S. S., et al. “Protection against diethylnitrosoamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by an indigenous medicine comprised of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra: a preliminary study.”
J. Carcinog. 2003 Oct; 2(1): 6.
Chen, T., et al. “A new flavanone isolated from Rhizoma smilacis glabrae and the structural requirements for its derivatives for preventing immunological hepatocyte damage." Planta Med. 1999; 65(1): 56–9.
Ma, D., et al. ”Effect of sarsasapogenin and its derivatives on the stimulus coupled responses of human neutrophils.” Clin. Chim. Acta. 2001 Dec; 314(1-2): 107-12.
Trouillas, P., et al. “Structure-function relationship for saponin effects on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the human 1547 osteosarcoma cells: a molecular modelling approach of natural molecules structurally close to diosgenin.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005 Feb; 13(4): 1141-9.
Thabrew, M. I., et al. “Cytotoxic effects of a decoction of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus and Smilax glabra on human hepatoma HepG2 cells.” Life Sci. 2005 Aug; 77(12): 1319-30.
Ooi, L. S., et al. “New mannose-binding lectin isolated from the rhizome of Sarsaparilla Smilax glabra Roxb. (Liliaceae).” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Oct; 52(20): 6091-5.
Caceres, A., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycoctic activity of 44 plant extracts.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263–76.
Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Mammone, T., et al. "A water soluble extract from Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's Claw) is a potent enhancer of DNA repair in primary organ cultures of human skin." Phytother. Res. 2006; 20(3): 178-83.
Kuras, M., et al. "Changes in chromosome structure, mitotic activity and nuclear DNA content from cells of Allium Test induced by bark water extract of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Sep; 107(2):211-21.
Gonzales, G.F., et al. "Medicinal plants from Peru: a review of plants as potential agents against cancer." Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2006 Sep; 6(5): 429-44.
De Martino, L., et al. "Proapoptotic effect of Uncaria tomentosa extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Aug; 107(1): 91-4.
Pilarski, R., et al. "Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 18-23.
Cisneros, F. J., et al. “An Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) extract protects mice against ozone-induced lung inflammation.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan; 96(3): 355-64.
Goncalves, C., et al. “Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa bark decoction: a mechanism for anti-inflammatory activity.” Phytochemistry. 2005; 66(1): 89-98.
Romero-Jimenez, M., et al. “Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs.” Mutat. Res. 2005 Aug; 585(1-2): 147-55.
Pilarski, R., et al. “Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Sep 29;
Sheng, Y., et al. “DNA repair enhancement of aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa in a human volunteer study." Phytomedicine. 2001; 8(4): 275–82.
Sheng, Y., et al. “Enhanced DNA repair, immune function and reduced toxicity of C-Med-100, a novel aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(2): 115–26.
Sandoval, M., et al. “Cat’s claw inhibits TNFalpha production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection.” Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(1): 71–8.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. “Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity in extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC." Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(3): 254–256.
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
Hiner, A. N., et al. “ Kinetic study of the effects of calcium ions on cationic artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) peroxidase: calcium binding, steady-state kinetics and reactions with hydrogen peroxide.” Biochimie. 2004; 86(9-10): 667-76.
Saenz Rodriguez, T., et al. “Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats.” Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec; 9(8): 687-93.
Gebhardt, R. “Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their metabolites.” Med. Sci. Monit. 2001; (7) Suppl. 1: 316–20.
Speroni, E., et al. “Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver complaints.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun; 86(2-3): 203-11.
Gebhardt, R. “Prevention of taurolithate-induced hepatic bile canalicular distortions by HPLC-characterized extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves.” Planta Med. 2002; 68(9): 776–79.
Aktay, G., et al. “Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on experimental liver injury.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov; 73(1-2): 121-9.
Adzet, T., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.” J. Nat. Prod. 1987; 50(4): 612–17.
Maros, T., et al. “Effects of Cynara scolymus extracts on the regeneration of rat liver. 1.” Arzneimittelforschung 1966; 16(2): 127–29.
Zhu, X., et al. “Phenolic compounds from the leaf extract of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and their antimicrobial activities.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Dec; 52(24): 7272-8.
Boldo (Peumus boldus)
O'brien, P., et al. "Boldine and its antioxidant or health-promoting properties." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006 Jan; 159(1): 1-17.
Hidalgo, M., et al. "Photostability and photoprotection factor of boldine and glaucine." J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2005 Jul; 80(1): 65-9.
Kubinova, R., et al. “Chemoprotective activity of boldine: modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes.”
Pharmazie. 2001; 56(3): 242–43.
Jimenez, I., et al. “Biological disposition of boldine: in vitro and in vivo studies.” Phytother. Res. 2000 Jun;
14(4): 254-60.
Jang, Y. Y., et al. “Protective effect of boldine on oxidative mitochondrial damage in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic rats.” Pharmacol. Res. 2000; 42(4): 361–71.
Bannach, R., et al. “Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of boldine on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced damage to isolated hepatocytes.” Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1996 Apr; 12(2): 89-100.
Kringstein, P., et al. “Boldine prevents human liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and inactivation of cytochrome P4502E1.” Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995; 18(3): 559–63.
Cederbaum, A. I., et al. “Inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation by boldine.” Biochem, Pharmacol. 1992 Nov; 44(9): 1765-72.
Lanhers, M. C., et al. “Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional medicinal plant of Chile, Peumus boldus.” Planta Med. 1991; 57(2): 110–15.
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Lopatkin, N. A., et al. "Combined extract of Sabal palm and nettle in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms in double blind, placebo-controlled trial." Urologiia. 2006 Mar-Apr; 12(2): 14-9.
Avci, G., et al. "Antihypercholesterolaemic and antioxidant activity assessment of some plants used as remedy in Turkish folk medicine." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Oct; 107(3): 418-23.
Daher, C. F., et al. "Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats." Fitoterapia. 2006 Apr; 77(3): 183-8.
Harput, U.S., et al. “Stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and inhibition of nitric oxide production by aqueous Urtica dioica extract.” Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(4): 346-8.
Akbay, P., et al. “In vitro immunomodulatory activity of flavonoid glycosides from Urtica dioica L.." Phytother. Res. 2003; 17(1): 34-7.
Gulcin, I., et al. “Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 90(2-3): 205-15.
Teucher, T., et al. “Cytokine secretion in whole blood of healthy subjects following oral administration of Urtica dioica L. plant extract.” Arzneimittelforschung. 1996; 46(9): 906-10.
Wagner, H., et al. “Biologically active compounds from the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica.” Planta Med. 1989; 55(5): 452-4.
Le Moal, M. A., et al. “Urtica dioica agglutinin, a new mitogen for murine T lymphocytes: unaltered interleukin-1 production but late interleukin 2-mediated proliferation.” Cell Immunol. 1988; 115(1): 24-35.
Kanter, M., et al. “Hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L and Urtica dioica L on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats.” World J. Gastroenterol.
2005 Nov; 11(42): 6684-8.
Turkdogan, M.K., et al. “The role of Urtica dioica and Nigella sativa in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.” Phytother. Res. 2003 Sep; 17(8): 942-6.
Carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides)
Betoni, J., et al. "Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Jun; 101(4): 387-90.
Abad, M. J., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of four Bolivian Baccharis species (Compositae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Feb; 103(3): 338-44.
Simoes-Pires, C. A., et al. "Isolation and on-line identification of antioxidant compounds from three Baccharis species by HPLC-UV-MS/MS with post-column derivatisation." Phytochem. Anal. 2005 Sep-Oct; 16(5): 307-14.
Coelho, M. G., et al. "Anti-arthritic effect and subacute toxicological evaluation of Baccharis genistelloides aqueous extract." Toxicol. Lett. 2004 1; 154(1-2): 69-80.
Melo, S. F., et al. “Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus, Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts
against the stannous chloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli.” Mutat. Res. 2001 Sep; 496(1-2): 33-8.
Soicke, H., et al. “Characterisation of flavonoids from Baccharis trimera and their antihepatotoxic properties.” Planta Med. 1987; 53(1): 37–9.
Gonzales, E., et al. “Gastric cytoprotection of Bolivian medicinal plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 70(3): 329–33.
Amor Seco (Desmodium adscendens)
Addy, M. E., et al. "Some secondary plant metabolites in Desmodium adscendens and their effects on arachidonic acid metabolism." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 1992; 47(1): 85-91.
Barreto, G. S. “Effect of butanolic fraction of Desmodium adscendens on the anococcygeus of the rat.” Braz. J. Biol. 2002; 62(2): 223–30.
Addy, M. E., et al. “Dose-response effects of Desmodium adscendens aqueous extract on histamine response, content and anaphylactic reactions in the guinea pig.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 18(1): 13–20.
Addy, M. E., et al. “An extract of Desmodium adscendens activates cyclooxygenase and increases prostaglandin synthesis by ram seminal vesicle microsomes.” Phytother. Res. 1995; 9(4): 287–93.
McManus, O. B., et al. "An activator of calcium-dependent potassium channels isolated from a medicinal herb." Biochemistry 1993; 32(24): 6128-33.
N'Gouemo, P., et al. "Effects of an ethanolic extract of Desmodium adscendens on central nervous system in rodents." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(2): 77-83.
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