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Third-Party Published Research*
This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.
Mulungu (Erythrina mulungu, crista-galli)
Ribeiro, M. D., “Effect of Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in rats submitted to animal models of anxiety
and depression.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2006; 39(2): 263-70.
Onusic, G.M., et al. “Effects of chronic treatment with a water-alcohol extract from Erythrina mulungu on
anxiety-related responses in rats.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003; 26(11): 1538-42.
Onusic, G. M., et al. “Effect of acute treatment with a water-alcohol extract of Erythrina mulungu on anxiety-related responses in rats.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2002; 35(4): 473–77.
Kittler, J. T., et al. “Mechanisms of GABA receptor assembly and trafficking: implications for the modulation of
inhibitory neurotransmission.” Mol. Neurobiol. 2002; 26(2–3): 251–68.
Vasconcelos, S. M., et al. “Central activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina
mulungu in mice.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56(3): 389-93.
Daly. J. W. “Nicotinic agonists, antagonists, and modulators from natural sources.” Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2005
Jun; 25(3-4): 513-52.
Mansbach, R. S., et al. “Effects of the competitive nicotinic antagonist erysodine on behavior occasioned or
maintained by nicotine: comparison with mecamylamine.” Psychopharmacology. 2000; 148(3): 234–42.
Decker, M. W., et al. “Erysodine, a competitive antagonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.” Eur. J.
Pharmacol . 1995; 280(1): 79–89.
Graviola (Annona muricata)
Padma, P., et al. “Effect of Annona muricata and Polyalthia cerasoides on brain neurotransmitters and enzyme
monoamine oxidase following cold immobilization stress.” J. Natural Remedies 2001; 1(2): 144–46.
Hasrat, J. A., et al. “Screening of medicinal plants from Suriname for 5-HT 1A ligands: Bioactive isoquinoline
alkaloids from the fruit of Annona muricata.” Phytomedicine. 1997; 4(20: 133-140.
Padma, P., et al. “Effect of alcohol extract of Annona muricata on cold immobilization stress induced tissue lipid
peroxidation.” Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(4): 326-327.
Hasrat, J. A., et al. “Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of Annona muricata as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A
receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (lead) products.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1997; 49(11): 1145–49.
Tayuya (Cayaponia tayuya)
Panossian, A., et al. “On the mechanism of action of plant adaptogens with particular reference to cucurbitacin
R diglucoside.” Phytomedicine. 1999 Jul; 6(3): 147-55.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Action of adaptogens: cucurbitacin R diglucoside as a stimulator of arachidonic acid
metabolism in the rat adrenal gland.” Probl. Endokrinol. 1989 Mar-Apr; 35(2): 70-4.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Effect of stress and the adaptogen cucurbitacin R diglycoside on arachidonic acid metabolism.” Probl. Endokrinol. 1989 Jan-Feb; 35(1): 58-61.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Cucurbitacin R glycoside—a regulator of steroidogenesis and of the formation of prostaglandin E2—a specific modulator of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system.” Biull. Eksp.
Biol. Med. 1987; 104(10): 456-7.
Dadaian, M. A., et al. “Prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels in the blood of immobilized rats: effect of dihydrocucurbitacin D diglucoside.” Vopr. Med. Khim. 1985 Nov-Dec; 31(6): 98-100.
Damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca)
Kumar, S., et al. “Anti-anxiety activity studies on homoeopathic formulations of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward.”
Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2005 Mar; 2(1): 117-119.
Rowland, D. L., et al. “A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual
dysfunctions.” J. Sex Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun; 29(3): 185-205.
Passionflower (Passiflora sp.)
Wheatley, D. “Medicinal plants for insomnia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability.” J.
Psychopharmacol. 2005 Jul; 19(4): 414-21.
Shinomiya, K., et al. “Hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts in sleep-disturbed rats.” Biol.
Pharm. Bull. 2005; 28(5): 808-10.
Dhawan, K., et al. “Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety
of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus: a non-habit forming anxiolytic.” J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2003 May-Aug; 6(2):
215-22.
Dhawan, K., et al. “Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata
Linneaus: a comment on medicinal plant’s standardization.” J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2002; 8(3): 283-91.
Dhawan, K., et al. “Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of
Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 81(2): 239-44.
Dhawan, K., et al. “Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata.” Fitoterapia. 2001;
72(8): 922-6.
Akhondzadeh, S., et al. “Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized
controlled trial with oxazepam.” J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2001; 26(5): 363-7.
Dhawan, K., et al. “Correct Identification of Passiflora incarnata Linn., a Promising Herbal Anxiolytic and
Sedative.” J. Med. Food. 2001 Autumn; 4(3): 137-144.
Wolfman, C., et al. “Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated
from Passiflora coerulea.” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994; 47(1): 1-4.
Maluf, E., et al. “Assessment of the hypnotic/sedative effects and toxicity of Passiflora edulis aqueous extract in
rodents and humans.” Phytother. Res. 1991; 5(6): 262-266.
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Cauffield, J. S., et al. “Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.”
Lippincotts Prim. Care Pract. 1999; 3(3): 290-304.
Gomaa, A., et al. “Matricaria chamomilla extract inhibits both development of morphine dependence and
expression of abstinence syndrome in rats.” J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003 May; 92(1): 50-5.
Della Loggia, R., et al. “Evaluation of the activity on the mouse CNS of several plant extracts and a
combination of them.” Riv. Neurol. 1981 Sep-Oct; 51(5): 297-310.
Cauffield, J. S., et al. “Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.”
Lippincotts Prim. Care Pract. 1999 May-Jun; 3(3): 290-304.
Paladini, A. C., et al. “Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic
compounds.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1999; 51(5): 519-26.
Viola, H., et al. “Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine
receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects.” Planta Med. 1995 Jun; 61(3): 213-6.
Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides)
da Silva, A. L., et al. “Anxiogenic properties of Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth. (Marapuama).” Phytother. Res.
2002; 16(3): 223-6.
Paiva, L., et al. “Effects of Ptychocepalum olacoides extract on mouse behaviour in forced swimming and open
field tests.” Phytother. Res. 1998; 12(4): 294–96.
Waynberg, J. “Male sexual asthenia—interest in a traditional plant-derived medication.” Ethnopharmacology;
1995.
da Silva, A. L., et al. “Memory retrieval improvement by Ptychopetalum olacoides in young and aging mice.” J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec; 95(2-3): 199-203.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Neuroprotective effects of Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Olacaceae) on oxygen
and glucose deprivation induced damage in rat hippocampal slices.” Life Sci. 2004 Aug; 75(15): 1897-906.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian "nerve tonic," possesses
anticholinesterase activity.” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003 Jun; 75(3): 645-50.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Psychopharamcological properties of Ptychopetalum olachoides Bentham (Olacaceae).”
Pharmaceutical Biol. 1998; 36(5): 327–34.
Bucci, L. R., et al. ”Selected herbals and human exercise performance.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2
Suppl): 624S-36S.
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