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Third-Party Published Research*
This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.
Maca (Lepidium meyenii)
Lopez-Fando, A., et al. “Lepidium peruvianum Chacon restores homeostasis impaired by restraint stress.”
Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(6): 471-4.
Bogani, P., et al. “Lepidium meyenii (Maca) does not exert direct androgenic activities.” J. Ethnopharmacol.
2005 Oct 17;
Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing
properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men.” J. Endocrinol. 2003; 176(1): 163–68.
Cicero, A. F., et al. “Hexanic maca extract improves rat sexual performance more effectively than methanolic
and chloroformic maca extracts.” Andrologia. 2002; 34(3): 177–79.
Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with
serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men.” Andrologia. 2002; 34(6): 367–72.
Cicero, A. F., et al. “Lepidium meyenii Walp. improves sexual behaviour in male rats independently from its
action on spontaneous locomotor activity.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75(2–3): 225–29.
Suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
Oshima, M., et al. “Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17beta, progesterone and
testosterone levels in mice.” J. Reprod. Dev. 2003 Apr; 49(2): 175-80.
Arletti, R., et al. “Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual behavior
of male rats." Psychopharmacology. 1999; 143(1): 15–9.
Matsumoto, I., “Beta-ecdysone from Pfaffia paniculata." Japanese patent no. 82/118,422. January 20, 1984.
Nishimoto, N., et al. “Three ecdysteroid glycosides from Pfaffia." Phytochemistry. 1988; 27(6): 1665–68.
Mazzanti, G., et al. “Analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze." Phytother.
Res. 1994; 8(7): 413-16.
Mazzanti, G., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze and Pfaffia stenophylla
(Sprengel) Stuchl." Pharmacol. Res. 1993; 27(1): 91–92.
Muira Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides)
Bucci, L. R., et al. ”Selected herbals and human exercise performance.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2
Suppl): 624S-36S.
Paiva, L., et al. “Effects of Ptychocepalum olacoides extract on mouse behaviour in forced swimming and open
field tests.” Phytother. Res. 1998; 12(4): 294–96.
Waynberg, J. “Male sexual asthenia—interest in a traditional plant-derived medication.” Ethnopharmacology;
1995.
Jayasuriya, H., et al. “Diterpenoid, steroid, and triterpenoid agonists of liver X receptors from diversified
terrestrial plants and marine sources.” J. Nat. Prod. 2005; 68(8): 1247-52.
Cherksey, B. D. “Method of preparing Muira puama extract and its use for decreasing body fat percentage and
increasing lean muscle mass.” United States Patent No. 5516516, 1996.
Siqueira, I. R., et al. “Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian "nerve tonic," possesses
anticholinesterase activity.” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003 Jun; 75(3): 645-50.
Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis)
Ji, W., et al. “Effects of Rebixiao granules on blood uric acid in patients with repeatedly attacking acute gouty
arthritis.” Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2005 Mar; 11(1): 15-21.
Jiang, J., et al. “Immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract from rhizome of Smilax glabra in the later
phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(1): 53–9.
Ageel, A. M., et al. “Experimental studies on antirheumatic crude drugs used in Saudi traditional medicine.”
Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 1989; 15(8): 369–72.
Chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii, laevis)
Bruni, R., et al. "Antimutagenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Maytenus krukovii bark." Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec; 77(7-8): 538-45.
Bradshaw, D., et al. “Therapeutic potential of protein kinase C inhibitors.” Agents and Actions 1993; 38: 135-47.
Itokawa, H., et al. “Isolation, structural elucidation and conformational analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine
alkaloids from Maytenus ebenifolia Reiss. X-ray molecular structure of ebenifoline W-1.” J. Chem. Soc. Perkin.
Trans. I 1993; 11: 1247-54.
Itokawa, H., et al. “Oligo-nicotinated sesquiterpene polyesters from Maytenus ilicifolia.” J. Nat. Prod. 1993; 56:
1479-85.
Gonzalez, J. G., et al. “Chuchuhuasha—a drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. A
chemical study of Maytenus laevis.” J. Ethnopharm. 1982; 5: 73–7.
Moya, S., et al. “Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the antiarthritics of plant origin.” Rev. Colomb.
Cienc. Quim. Farm. 1977; 3(2): 5.
Tayuya (Cayaponia tayuya)
Panossian, A., et al. “On the mechanism of action of plant adaptogens with particular reference to cucurbitacin
R diglucoside.” Phytomedicine. 1999 Jul; 6(3): 147-55.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Action of adaptogens: cucurbitacin R diglucoside as a stimulator of arachidonic acid
metabolism in the rat adrenal gland.” Probl. Endokrinol. 1989 Mar-Apr; 35(2): 70-4.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Effect of stress and the adaptogen cucurbitacin R diglycoside on arachidonic acid
metabolism.” Probl. Endokrinol. 1989 Jan-Feb; 35(1): 58-61.
Panosian, A. G., et al. “Cucurbitacin R glycoside—a regulator of steroidogenesis and of the formation of
prostaglandin E2—a specific modulator of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system.” Biull. Eksp.
Biol. Med. 1987; 104(10): 456-7.
Dadaian, M. A., et al. “Prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels in the blood of
immobilized rats: effect of dihydrocucurbitacin D diglucoside.” Vopr. Med. Khim. 1985 Nov-Dec; 31(6):
98-100.
Escandell, J. M., et al. “Dihydrocucurbitacin B, isolated from Cayaponia tayuya, reduces damage in
adjuvant- induced arthritis.” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 26;
Recio, M. C., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of two cucurbitacins isolated from Cayaponia tayuya roots.”
Planta Med. 2004; 70(5): 414-20.
Ruppelt, B. M., et al. “Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake
venom—I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86 (Suppl. 2): 203–5.
Rios, J. L., et al. “A study of the anti-inflammatory activity of Cayaponia tayuya root.” Fitoterapia 1990; 61(3):
275–78.
Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
Lieberman, H. R., et al. “Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during
U.S. Navy SEAL training." Psychopharmacology. 2002; 164(3): 250–61.
Pittler, M. H., “Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review.” Obes.
Rev. 2005 May; 6(2): 93-111.
Paganini Stein, F. L., et al. “Vascular responses to extractable fractions of Ilex paraguariensis in rats fed
standard and high-cholesterol diets.” Biol. Res. Nurs. 2005 Oct; 7(2): 146-56.
Collomp, K., et al. “Effects of salbutamol and caffeine ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance.” Int.
J. Sports Med. 2002; 23(8): 549–54.
Anderson, T., et al. “Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation
in overweight patients.” J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2001; 14(3): 243–50.
Martinet, A., et al. “Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human
obesity.” Phytomedicine. 1999; 6(4): 231–38.
Matsunaga, K., et al. “Inhibitory action of Paraguayan medicinal plants on 5-lipoxygenase.” Natural Med. 2000;
54(3): 151–54.
Yasukawa, K., et al. “Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced
ear oedema in mice.” Phytother. Res. 1993; 7(2): 185–89.
Iporuru (Alchornea castaneifolia)
Manga, H.M., et al. “In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg.
(Euphorbiaceae).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun; 92(2-3): 209-14.
Osadebe, P. O., et al. “Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Alchornea
cordifolia leaves.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Nov; 89(1):19-24.
Dunstan, C. A., et al. “Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin
biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 57: 35–56.
Ogungbamila, F. O., et al. “Smooth muscle–relaxing flavonoids from Alchornea cordifolia.” Acta Pharm. Nord.
1990; 2(6): 421–22.
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