This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of the published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research.

Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril)
Jatobá contains terpene and phenolic chemicals which are responsible for protecting the tree from fungi and mold in the rainforest. In fact, the jatobá tree is one of the few trees in the rainforest that sports a completely clean trunk bark, without any of the usual mold and fungus found on many other trees in this wet and humid environment. These antifungal terpenes and phenolics have been documented in several studies over the years and the antifungal activity of jatobá is attributed to these chemicals.*
Yang, D., et al. “Use of caryophyllene oxide as an antifungal agent in an in vitro experimental model of onychomycosis.” Mycopathologia. 1999; 148(2): 79–82.
Rouquayrol, M. Z., et. al. “Antifungal activity of essential oils from Northeastern Brazilian plants.” Rev. Brasil Pesq. Med. Biol. 1980; 13: 135-143.
Arrhenius, S. P., et.al. “Inhibitory effects of Hymenaea and Copaifera leaf resins on the leaf fungus, Pestalotia subcuticulari.” Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1983; 11(4): 361-366.
Rahalison, L., et al. “Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian Plants.” Inst. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 68-76.
Caceres, A., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1: Screening of 38 plant extracts.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 33(3): 277-283.

Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus molle)
In laboratory tests, essential oil, leaf, and bark extracts of Brazilian peppertree demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties.* It has demonstrated good-to-very strong in vitro antifungal actions against numerous fungi, as well as Candida in other published research.* One research group indicated that the antifungal action of the essential oil was more effective than the antifungal drug Multifungin®.* Research published in 2005 continues to document Brazilian peppertree's antifungal and anticandidal activities.*
Schmourlo, G., et al. "Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan; 96(3): 563-8.
Dikshit, A. “Schinus molle: a new source of natural fungitoxicant.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986; 51(5): 1085-1088.
Gundidza, M. “Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Schinus molle Linn.” Central Africian J. Med. 1993; 39 11: 231-234.
Martinez, M. J., et al. "Screening of some Cuban medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(3): 171-74.
El-Keltawi, N., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants." Herba Pol. 1980; 26(4): 245-50.

Anamu (Petiveria alliacea)
Anamu's antifungal properties were documented by one research group in 1991, and again by a separate research group in 2001.* Its antimicrobial activity was further demonstrated by researchers from Guatemala and Austria who, in separate studies in 1998, confirmed its activity in vitro and in vivo studies against several strains of protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.*
Kim, S., et al. “Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 188-92.
Benevides, P. J., et. al. “Antifungal polysulphides from Petiveria alliacea L.” Phytochemistry. 2001 Jul; 57(5): 743-7.
Caceres, A., et. al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-276
Caceres, A., et. al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Oct; 62(3): 195-202.
Von Szczepanski, C., et al. "Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of antimicrobial substance from Petiveria alliacea." Arzneim-Forsch 1972; 22: 1975.

Bellaco-Caspi (Himatanthus sucuuba)
In 1998, researchers in Brazil reported that bellaco caspi bark evidenced a greater antifungal effect than the control drug that was used (nistatin) and related this action to the triterpenic esters found in the bark.*
Bolzani, V., et al. "Search for antifungal and anticancer compounds from native plant species of cerrado and Atlantic Forest." An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 1999; 71(2): 181-7
Souza, W., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of alkaloidal fraction from barks of Himatanthus lancifolius." Fitoterapia. 2004 Dec; 75(7-8): 750-3.
Little, J., et al. "Plumericin; an antimicrobial agent from Plumeria multiflora." Arch. Biochem. 1951; 30(2): 445-52.
Persinos-Perdue, G., et al. " South American plants. III. Isolation of fulvoplumierin from Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae). J. Pharm. Sci. 1978; 67: 1322.
Wood, C. A., et al. "A bioactive spirolactone iridoid and triterpenoids from Himatanthus sucuuba." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001; 49(11): 1477-1478.
De Silva, J. R., et al. "Triterpenic esters from Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson." Quimica Nova 1998; 21(6): 702-704.

Matico (Piper aduncum)
In various laboratory studies over the years, matico has demonstrated antimicrobial actions against various fungi, yeast, and bacteria.*
Lago, J. H., et al. “Benzoic acid derivatives from Piper species and their fungitoxic activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum.” J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67(11):1783-8.
Navickiene, H., et al. “Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from Piper aduncum, Piper arboreum and Piper tuberculatum.” Quim. Nova. 2006; 20( 3): 467-470
Lemos, T. L. G., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Brazilian plants.” Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(2): 82-84.
Lentz, D. L., et al. “Antimicrobial properties of Honduran medicinal plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol, 1998; 63(3): 253-263.
Trillini, B., et al. “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Piper angustifolium.” Planta Med. 1996; 62(4): 372-373.

Piri-Piri (Cyperus articulatus)
Piri-piri has been documented with anti-yeast actions against Candida.*
Duarte, M. C., et al. "Anti-candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97(2): 305-11.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. "Studies on the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and DNA-binding activities of plants used by the Ese'ejas." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50(2): 91-96.
Mongelli, E., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and interaction with DNA of medicinal plants from the Peruvian Amazon region." Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 1995 Oct-Dec; 27(4): 199-203.

Pau d'arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)
Antimicrobial properties of many of pau d'arco's active phytochemicals were demonstrated in several laboratory studies, in which they exhibited strong in vitro activity against bacteria, fungi, and yeast (including Candida, Aspergillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Helicobacter pylori).* A water extract of pau d'arco was reported in other in vitro research to have strong activity against 11 fungus and yeast strains.*
Portillo, A., et. al. “Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Jun; 76(1): 93-8.
Gershon, H., et al. “Fungitoxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinonoes to Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.” Can. J. Microbiol. 1975; 21: 1317-1321.
Guiraud, P., et al. “Comparison of antibacterial and antifungal activities of lapachol and beta-lapachone.” Planta Med. 1994 Aug; 60(4): 373-4.
Park, B. S., et al. “Selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005 Feb; 53(4): 1152-7.
Park, B. S., et al. “Antibacterial activity of Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC (Taheebo) against Helicobacter pylori.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Dec;

Ubos (Spondias mombin)
Published research testing ubos ubos bark reports that it has strong antifungal and anti-candidal actions.*
Abo, K., et al. "Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea." Phytother. Res. 1999; 13(6): 494-497.
Herforth, A., "Anti-fungal plants of the Peruvian Amazon: A survey of ethnomedical uses and biological activity." Emanations from the Rainforest and the Carribean. Vol. 4 Sept. 2002, Cornell University.

Fedegoso (Cassia occidentalis)
Fedegoso has been traditionally used for many types of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections for many years in the tropical countries where it grows.* In vitro laboratory research on fedegoso leaves published over the years has reported active antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimalarial properties.*
Qureshi, S., “In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18-plant species of Chindwara against 3-keratinophilic fungi.” Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1997 Feb-Nov; 39(1-4): 56-60.
Caceres, A., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 2. Evaluation of antifungal activity of seven American plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993 Dec; 40(3): 207-13.
Caceres, A., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Mar; 31(3): 263-76.
Samy, R. P., et al. “Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1): 63-71.

Tamamuri (Brosimum acutifolium)
University researchers in the United States reported tamamuri's antifungal and anticandidal actions in two publications.*
Herforth, A., et al. “Amazonian Women’s Medicine: Treatments for Mycoses.” Poster: Society for Economic Botany 2002 vol 56(4).
Herforth, A., et al. “ Antifungal plants of the Peruvian Amazon: a survey of ethnomedical uses and biological activity.” Cornel University Publication 2002

Guaco (Mikania guaco)
In research published in 2002, guaco was reported with in vitro antibacterial and antiyeast actions against Candida.* Guaco contains a plant chemical called kaurenoic acid which, in other in vitro research, has demonstrated antifungal and antibacterial activity.*
Duarte, M. C., et al. "Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97(2): 305.
Yatsuda, R., et al. “Effects of Mikania genus plants on growth and cell adherence of mutans streptococci.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97(2): 183-9.
Holetz, F. B., "Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 Oct; 97(7):1027-31.
Davino, S. C., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of kaurenoic acid derivatives substituted on carbon-15." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1989; 22(9): 1127-29.

Graviola (Annona muricata)
Graviola (and various chemicals found in graviola) have been documented to inhibit ATP energy to mutated cells with a ATP-driven intercellular pumps*. These small pumps can be found in candida, cancer, fungi, and bacteria cells which make these pathogens resistant and even immune to chemical agents meant to kill them.*
Keinan, E., et al. "Antibody-catalyzed organic and organometallic transformations and chemical libraries of Annonaceous acetogenins." The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology Scientific Report 1997-1998.
Nicolas, H., et al. "Structure-activity relationships of diverse Annonaceous acetogenins against multidrug resistant human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7/Adr) cells." J. Med. Chem. 1997; 40(13): 2102-6.
Gonzalez-Coloma, A., et al. “Selective action of acetogenin mitochondrial complex I inhibitors.” Z. Naturforsch. 2002; 57(11-12): 1028-34.