This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Thornhill, S. M., et al. “Natural treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.” Altern. Med. Rev. 2000; 5(5): 448-54.
Galelli, A., et al. “Urtica dioica agglutinin. A superantigenic lectin from stinging nettle rhizome.” J. Immunol. 1993; 151(4): 1821-31.
Mittman, P. “Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.” Planta Med. 1990; 56(1): 44-7.
Gulcin, I., et al. “Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 90(2-3): 205-15.

Carqueja (Baccharis sp)
Abad, M. J., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of four Bolivian Baccharis species (Compositae).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Feb; 103(3): 338-44.
Hnatyszyn, O., et al. “Argentinian plant extracts with relaxant effect on the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum of guinea pig.” Phytomedicine. 2003 Nov; 10(8): 669-74.
Torres, L. M., et al. “Diterpene from Baccharis trimera with a relaxant effect on rat vascular smooth muscle.” Phytochemistry. 2000 Nov; 55(6): 617-9.
Gene, R. M., et al. “Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Baccharis trimera: Identification of its active constituents.” Planta. Med. 1996; 62(3): 232–5.

Gervâo (Stachytarpheta cayennensis)
Hazekamp, A., et al. “Isolation of a bronchodilator flavonoid from the Thai medicinal plant Clerodendrum petasites.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78(1): 45–9.
Mesia-Vela, S., et al. “Pharmacological study of Stachytarpheta cayennensis Vahl in rodents.” Phytomedicine. 2004; 11(7-8): 616-24.
Schapoval, E. E., et al. “Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Stachytarpheta cayennensis.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 60(1): 53–9.
Melita Rodriguez, S., et al. “Pharmacological and chemical evaluation of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Verbenaceae).” Rev. Biol. Trop. 1996 Aug; 44(2A): 353-9.
Gil, B., et al. “Effects of flavonoids on Naja Naja and human recombinant synovial phospholipases A2 and inflammatory responses in mice.” Life Sci. 1994; 54(20): PL333–38.

Picão Preto (Bidens pilosa)
Chiang, Y. M., et al. “Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin.” Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005 Oct; 146(3): 352-63.
Nguelefack, T. B., et al. “Relaxant effects of the neutral extract of the leaves of Bidens pilosa Linn on isolated rat vascular smooth muscle.” Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(3): 207-10.
Pereira, R. L., et al. “Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene isolated from Bidens pilosa L.” Immunopharmacology. 1999; 43(1): 31–7.
Jager, A. K., et al. “Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(2): 95–100.
Chih, H. W., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of Taiwan folk medicine ‘ham-hong-chho’ in rats.” Am. J. Chin. Med. 1995; 23(3–4): 273–78.

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
Matsunaga, K., et al. “Inhibitory action of Paraguayan medicinal plants on 5-lipoxygenase.” Natural Med. 2000; 54(3): 151–54.
Marr, K., et al. “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fenleuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, in ponies.” Res. Vet. Sci. 1998; 64(2): 111–17.
Yasukawa, K., et al. “Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice.” Phytother. Res. 1993; 7(2): 185–89.
Chandra, S., et al. “Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green (Camellia sinensis) teas.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Jun; 52(11): 3583-9.

Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril)
Yang, D., et al. “Use of caryophyllene oxide as an antifungal agent in an in vitro experimental model of onychomycosis.” Mycopathologia. 1999; 148(2): 79–82.
Hostettmann, K., et al. “Phytochemistry of plants used in traditional medicine.” Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1995.
Rahalison, L., et al. “Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian plants.” Inst. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 68–76.
Verpoorte, R., et al. “Medicinal plants of Surinam. IV. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 21(3): 315–18.
Arrhenius, S.P., et al. “Inhibitory effects of Hymenaea and Copaifera leaf resins on the leaf fungus, Pestalotia subcuticulari.” Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1983; 11(4): 361–66.

Pau d'arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)
Park, B. S., et al. “Selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005 Feb; 23;53(4): 1152-7.
Park, B. S., et al. “Antibacterial activity of Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC (Taheebo) against Helicobacter pylori.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Dec;
Machado, T. B., et al. “In vitro activity of Brazilian medicinal plants, naturally occurring naphthoquinones and their analogues, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.” Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2003; 21(3): 279-84.
Portillo, A., et al. “Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 76(1): 93–8.
Nagata, K., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of novel furanonaphthoquinone analogs.” Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1998; 42(3): 700–2.
Binutu, O. A., et al. “Antimicrobial potentials of some plant species of the Bignoniaceae family.” Afr. J. Med. Sci. 1994; 23(3): 269–73.

Guaco (Mikania guaco)
Soares de Moura, R., et al. “Bronchodilator activity of Mikania glomerata Sprengel on human bronchi and guinea-pig trachea.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2002; 54(2): 249-56.
Fierro, I. M., et al. “Studies on the anti-allergic activity of Mikania glomerata.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 66(1): 19-24.
Leite, M. G. R., et al. “Actividade bronchodilatora de Mikania glomerata, Justicia pectoralis e Torresea cearensis." Simposio de Plantas Medicinais do Brazil. December 1992. Curitiba. Resumos. p. 21.