Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Peumus boldus MOLINA (Monimiaceae) -- Boldo

Chemicals

1,8-CINEOLE Leaf 6,000 - 40,000 ppm DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelopathic 450 ; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelminthic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase LGR ; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic JAR8:2 ; Antitussive MED'94 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj EJP331:253 ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279

1-METHYL-4-ISOPROPENYL-BENZENE Leaf 60 - 75 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-DECANONE Leaf 1 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-HEPTAONE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-NONANONE Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

2-OCTANONE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-TRIDECANONE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antifeedant 382 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

2-UNDECANONE Plant: DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic LAF ; Hirudicide LAF ; Nematicide LAF ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ALKALOIDS Ay 2,500 - 7,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-3-CARENE Leaf 100 - 125 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-FENCHOL Leaf 34 - 43 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-HEXYLCINNAMALDEHYDE Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-METHYLIONONE Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-PINENE Leaf 800 - 1,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory IJO15(4):194 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90

ALPHA-TERPINEOL Leaf 180 - 225 ppm DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antibacterial MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103 ; Antiseptic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 5-40 ARC ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide MUO24:1

ASCARIDOLE Leaf 4,000 - 10,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic CPB41:1309 ; Ancylostomicide DUKE1992B ; Anthelminthic JBH ; Antiflatulent DUKE1992B ; Carcinogenic CRC ; Carminative DUKE1992B ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Nematicide M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative CPB41:1309 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B

BENZALDEHYDE Leaf 1 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R594 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial LAF337 ; Anticancer ARO95:16 ; Antipeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ARO95:16 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 150-800 ARC ; Immunostimulant ARO95:16 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Narcotic M11 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.82 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=820 uM JAF46:1268 ID50=87 ug/ml JAF46:1268

BENZYL-BENZOATE Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

Acaricide M11 ; Allergenic M29 ; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antidysmenorrheic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ED50=8-15 PC29(5):1667 ; Artemicide LC50=2 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; CNS-Depressant ZEB ; CNS-Stimulant M29 ; FLavor FEMA 40-300 ARC ; Hypotensive ZEB ; Insectifuge M29 ; Irritant ZEB ; Myorelaxant DUKE1992B ; Pediculicide M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Scabicide M11

BETA-ISOMETHYLIONONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-PINENE Leaf 160 - 200 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN

BOLDIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BOLDINE Leaf 600 ppm; DUKE1992A

Abortifacient PR14:99 ; Antiedemic ED50=34 mg/kg ABS ; Antihepatotic JBH ; Antiinflammatory ABS ; Antilithic JBH ; Antioxidant IC50=17-33 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic ABS ; Antiradicular PM56(6):645 ; Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker 0.1 uM PHZ45:443 ; Choleretic FT5:1986 ; Diuretic WIC ; Gastrostimulant WIC ; Hepatoprotective WIC ; Hypnotic WIC ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 25 uM rat AAA42:114 ; Teratogenic PR14:99 ; Uricosuric WIC

BOLDOGLUCIN Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BORNYL-ACETATE Leaf 40 - 50 ppm DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 933 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Antibacterial LAF ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.09 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antiviral LAF ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 70-80 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative

CAMPHENE Leaf 120 - 150 ppm DUKE1992A

Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465

CAMPHOR Leaf 120 - 150 ppm DUKE1992A

Allelopathic 450 ; Analgesic; Anesthetic; Antiacne NIG ; Antidiarrheic 500 ug/ml WO2 ; Antidysenteric WO2 ; Antiemetic 100-200 mg man orl KCH ; Antifeedant IC50=5,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antifibrositic MAR ; Antineuralgic MAR ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antiseptic M11 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.075 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant JE26:74 ; Convulsant RJH ; Cosmetic JBH ; Counterirritant MAR ; Decongestant NIG ; Deliriant M11 ; Ecbolic DUKE1992B ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Epileptigenic CAN ; Expectorant M29 ; Fungicide ED50=2.7 mM TOX ; Herbicide IC50=3.3-180 mM 438 ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge; Irritant JBH ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Occuloirritant M&R367 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirainhibitor M11 ; Respirastimulant KCH ; Rubefacient; Stimulant RJH ; Transdermal ZEB ; Verrucolytic NIG ; Vibriocide 500 ug/ml WO2

COUMARIN Leaf 100 - 125 ppm DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 10 ug/ml cow (weak activity, 11% inhibition) CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC100=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic ZEB ; Antiaggregant DUKE1992B ; Antiandrogenic PM56(6):671 ; Antibrucellosic JPP42:194 ; Anticancer (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Anticancer (Prostate) MAB ; Antidiuretic CAN117 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antiesherichic JBH ; Antiinflammatory CPB38:2283 ; Antilymphedemic MAB ; Antimelanomic 50 mg/day; Antimetastatic 50 mg/man/day MAB ; Antimitotic IJP33:7 ; Antimononuccleotic MAB ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antimycoplasmotic MAB ; Antipsittacotic MAB ; Antipsoriac IJP33:7 ; Antitoxoplasmotic MAB ; Antitumor 50 mg/day; Antitumor (GI) JAR9(4):182 ; Antitumor (Kidney) 400-7,000 mg/day MAB ; Antitumor (Prostate) MAB ; Bacteristat JBH ; Bruchiphobe DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Carcinogenic 200 mg/kg orl mus MAB ; Cardiodepressant FEL ; Cardiotonic FEL ; Chemopreventive JAR9(4):182 ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=57.5 uM ACM:134 ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic CAN ; Fungicide JBH ; Hemorrhagic JBH ; Hepatotoxic 0.8-1.71 mM/kg orl rat 100 mg/kg dog ARO95:21 2,500 ppm diet ARO95:21 ; Hypnotic EB44:68.1990 ; Hypoglycemic 250-1,000 mg/kg orl EMP6:165 ; Immunostimulant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat JBH ; Lymphocytogenic 100 mg/day JPP42:194 ; Lymphokinetic PH2 ; Narcotic FEL ; Ovicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic PM56(6):671 ; Piscicide JBH ; Rodenticide JBH ; Sedative EB44:68.1990

CUMINALDEHYDE Leaf 60 - 75 ppm DUKE1992A

Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Fungicide FT62:86 ; Larvicide AYL ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.05 mM JAF47:4574

DIETHYL-PHTHALATE Leaf 60 - 75 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EUGENOL Leaf: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer DUKE1992B ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>97=1,000 uM HHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/mL PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOXICOLOGY107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B

FARNESOL Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R514 ; Antiadenomic BBR225:869 ; Anticancer (Pancreas) IC50=39 uM LIP32:151 ; Anticarcinomic (Colon) JBT117:11 ; Anticarcinomic (Lung) BBR225:869 ; Antileukemic JBT117:11 ; Antimelanomic IC50=50 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antispasmodic PJB1(1):174 ; Apoptotic JBT117:11 ; FLavor FEMA 0.1-3 ARC ; Juvabional 450 ; Nematicide MLC=100 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromonal PJB1(3):238 ; Sedative PJB1(1):174 ; Trichomonicide LD100=100 ug/ml FT67:279

FENCHONE Leaf 160 - 200 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialzheimeran? LGR ; Anticholinesterase LGR ; Counterirritant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 0.1-5 ARC ; Perfumery M11 ; Secretolytic BIS

GAMMA-TERPINENE Leaf 200 - 250 ppm DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC23=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antifeedant HH3 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

GUM Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ISOBOLDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antifeedant 382 ; Antiobesity PJB1(3):242 ; Dopamine-Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor GMJ ; Fungicide JE36:39 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ISOCORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antiadrenergic JBH ; Cataleptic JBH ; Narcotic DUKE1992B ; Sedative JBH ; Stimulant DUKE1992B

ISOCORYDINE-N-OXIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ISORHAMNETIN-3-ALPHA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE-7-ALPHA-L-RHAMN0... Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ISORHAMNETIN-3-GLUCOSIDE-7-RHAMNOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

KAEMPFEROL-3-GLUCOSIDE-7-RHAMNOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LAUROLITSINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LAUROTETANINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Curaroid GMJ ; Cytotoxic TAD

LIMONENE Leaf 320 - 400 ppm DUKE1992A

AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W

LINALOL Leaf 3,400 - 4,300 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-EUGENOL Leaf 100 - 125 ppm DUKE1992A

Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial IJO15(4):199 ; Anticonvulsant DUKE1992B ; Antidote (Strychnine) DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antioxidant EC50=100 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antiradicular PMP22:233 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic 411 ; FLavor FEMA 5-15 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Fungistat 100 ug/mL PR4(3):93 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Myorelaxant FT61:254.1990 ; Narcotic DUKE1992B ; Nematicide MIC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative DUKE1992B

MYRTENAL Flower: DUKE1992A

Herbicide TOX ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

N-METHYL-LAUROTETANINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

NORISOCORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Sedative PJB1(2):292

P-CYMENE Leaf 7,150 ppm; DUKE1992A

Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279

P-CYMOL Leaf 6,000 - 7,500 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PACHYCARPINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Oxytocic DUKE1992B

RETICULINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Analgesic GMJ ; Antibacterial GMJ ; Antidopaminergic GMJ ; Antispasmodic GMJ ; CNS-Stimulant GMJ ; Convulsant GMJ ; Fungicide JE36:39 ; Hyperthermic GMJ ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pyrogenic 5-20 mg/kg ipr rat JNP42:399

RHAMNETIN-3-ARABINOSIDE-3'-RHAMNOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SABINENE Leaf 160 - 200 ppm DUKE1992A

Perfumery ARC

SPARTEINE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient 411 DUKE1992B ; Antiarrhythmic LRN-SEP89 ; Antiganglionic 1 mg/kg ivn cat BBE ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant JPH150:5 ; Antiperoxidant JPH150:5 ; Antitachycardic 411 ; Bradycardic CAN ; Cardiodepressant 5 mg/kg ivn rbt BBE ; Cathartic DUKE1992B ; Curaroid 411 ; Diuretic DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic JNP39:444 ; Insecticide 356 ; Molluscicide DUKE1992B ; Oxytocic 411 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respiradepressant 411 ; Tachycardiagenic CAN ; Uterocontractant CAN

TERPINEN-4-OL Leaf 520 - 650 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacetylcholinesterase IC21-24=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiallergic DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic CJT4:203.1982 ; Antibacterial JEO7:271 ; Antiseptic FFJ9:129 ; Antitussive CJT ; Bacteriostatic CJT ; Diuretic 0.1 ml/rat; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=200 mM 438 IC50=22 uM TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renoirritant CAN ; Spermicide ED100=0.015 AHN188:83.1986 ; Vulnerary LRN-JAN91

TERPINOLINE Leaf 80 - 100 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

References

356: Grainge, M. and Ahmed, S., Handbook of Plants with Pest-Control Properties, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1988, 470. Note: Author list various compounds as active principle, thus leading me to enter all the aconitine alkaloids, e.g, as insecticidal, though authors do not specifically say that all are insecticidal.

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

AAA42:114: Backhouse, N., Delporte, C., Givernau, M., Cassels, B. K., Valenzuela, A., Speisky, H. 1994. Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Boldine. Agents & Actions, 42(3/4): 114-117.

ABS: Abstract (See species file)

ACM:134: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.

AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files

AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.

AHN188:83.1986: Jim Duke's personal files

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

ARO95:16: Jim Duke's personal files

ARO95:21: Jim Duke's personal files

AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.

BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

BBR225:869: Jim Duke's personal files

BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CAN117: Jim Duke's personal files

CJT: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis.

CJT4:203.1982: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis., 4:203, 1982.

CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.

CPB41:1309: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387

CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB44:68.1990: Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.

EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.

EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FEL: Jim Duke's personal files

FFJ9:129: Flav. & Frag. J. 9: 129.

FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.

FT5:1986: Fitoterapia No.5-1986.

FT61:254.1990: Fitoterapia No.61: 254, 1990.

FT62:86: Singh*, G., Upadhyay, R.K. 1990. Fungitoxic Activity of Cumaldehyde, Main Constituent of the Cuminum cyminum Oil. Fitoterapia 62(1): 86, 1991.

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files

GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.

GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.

HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

IJO15(4):194: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+

IJO15(4):199: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 199, 1990+

IJP33:7: Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.

J14432: Jim Duke's personal files

JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.

JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.

JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.

JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.

JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR9(4):182: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JBT117:11: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JE36:39: Jim Duke's personal files

JEO7:271: J. Ess. Oil Res. 7: 271.

JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.

JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP39:444: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP42:399: Dasgupta, S., Ray, A. B., Bhattacharya, S. K., Bose, R. 1979. Constituents of Pachygone ovata and Pharmacological Action of its Major Leaf Alkaloid. J Nat Prod, 42(4): 399-406.

JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.

JNU: Jim Duke's personal files

JPH150:5: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:194: Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.

JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.

JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.

K26575: Jim Duke's personal files

KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.

LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LGR: L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.

LIP32:151: Jim Duke's personal files

LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.

LRN-JAN91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jan-91.

LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.

LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.

LRN-SEP89: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R514: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R594: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files

MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2,000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MED'94: Jim Duke's personal files

MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files

MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.

MUO24:1: Material und Organismen , 24: 1, 1989.

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.

PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files

PH2: Jim Duke's personal files

PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

PHZ45:443: de las Heras, B., Rios, J. L., Martinez-Mir, I., Rubio, E. 1990. A Study of the Adrenergic Activity of the Alkaloids Boldine and Glaucine. Pharmazie, 45(6): 443-444.

PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.

PJB1(1):174: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):292: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):238: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files

PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files

PM1987:526: Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.

PM56(6):645: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(6):671: Planta Medica, 56(6): 671, 1990.

PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:150: Jim Duke's personal files

PR14:99: Rodrigues de Almeida, E., Melo, A. M., Xavier, H. 2000. Toxicological Evaluation of the Hydro- alcohol Extract of the Dry Leaves of Peumus boldus and Boldine in Rats. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 99-102.

PR4(3):93: Laekeman, G.M., Van Hoof, L., Haemers, A., Vanden Berghe, D.A., Herman, A.G., and Vlietinck, A.J. Eugenol a Valuable Compound for In Vitro Experimental Research and Worthwhile for Further In Vivo Investigation. Phytotherapy Research 4(3): 93, 1990.

PR4:93: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.

PR4:95: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.

RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.

SHT158: Jim Duke's personal files

SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.

TAD: Jim Duke's personal files

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

TOXICOLOGY107:39: Jim Duke's personal files

TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.

VAL: Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.

W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

WO2: Wealth of India.

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

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