Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in:
Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) -- Nutsedge
Chemicals
- 1,8-CINEOLE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2
; (-)-Inotropic HH2
; Allelopathic 450
; Allergenic M&R486
; Anesthetic DUKE1992B
; Anthelminthic JBH
; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434
; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569
; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B
; Anticatarrh M29
; Anticholinesterase LGR
; Antifatigue JAR8:2
; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17
; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B
; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B
; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B
; Antiseptic JBH
; Antispasmodic SHT158
; Antistaphylococcic JAR8:2
; Antitussive MED'94
; Candidicide LAF337
; Carcinogenic ZEB
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B
; Convulsant JAR8:2
; Counterirritant M29
; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95
; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253
; Dentifrice M29
; Edemagenic inj EJP331:253
; Expectorant JBH
; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC
; Fungicide SHT158
; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2
; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2
; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B
; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX
; Hypotensive DUKE1992B
; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253
; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN
; Myorelaxant CAN
; Nematicide NIG
; Neurotoxic JAR8:2
; P450-Inducer MED'95
; Perfume ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Rubefacient M29
; Secretogogue SHT158
; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2
; Surfactant SHT158
; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95
; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279
- 4ALPHA,5ALPHA-OXIDOEUDESM-11-EN-3-ALPHA-OL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ALKALOIDS
Root 2,100 - 2,400 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ALPHA-CYPERONE
Root 1,500 - 5,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antimalarial 5.5 ug/ml PM56(4):371
; Antiprostaglandin DUKE1992B
- ALPHA-ROTUNOL
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ARSENIC
Rhizome 0.29 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Anorexic FHN
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- ASCORBIC-ACID
Root 90 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC
; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X
; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X
; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X
400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER
; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER
; Antiatherosclerotic PAM
; Antibacterial DAS
; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER
400 mg/day SYN-X
; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR
; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29
; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR
; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER
; Antidiabetic SYN-X
; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189
; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS
; Antidote (Lead) DAS
; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR
; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER
; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS
; Antiencephalitic DAS
; Antigingivitic PAM
; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER
; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS
; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS
; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189
; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER
; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER
; Antiinflammatory PAM
; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR
; Antimeasles DAS
; Antimigraine M29
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR
; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER
; Antiorchitic DAS
; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER
; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B
; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER
; Antiparotitic DAS
; Antiperiodontitic WER
; Antipneumonic PAM
; Antipodriac DAS
; Antipoliomyelitic DAS
; Antipyretic EMP6:189
; Antiradicular SYN-X
; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR
; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X
MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR
; Antishingles DAS
; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X
; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71
; Antiulcer WER
; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2
; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM
; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS
; Collagenic BO2
; Detoxicant DUKE1992B
; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B
; Fistula-Preventive PAM
; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS
; Hypoglycemic SYN-X
; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292
; Immunostimulant SYN-X
; Interferonogenic PAM
; Lithogenic DAS
; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS
; Urinary-Acidulant M29
; Vulnerary PAM
- BETA-CYPERONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- BETA-PINENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
Allergenic M&R618
; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3
; Antiseptic LAF
; Candidicide LAF337
; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC
; Herbicide TOX
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant ZEB
; Perfumery ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Spasmogenic CAN
- BETA-ROTUNOL
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- BETA-SELINENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
Perfumery ARC
- CALCIUM
Rhizome 3,180 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS
; Antiatherosclerotic WER
; Antidepressant DAS
; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS
; Antidote (Lead) DAS
; Antihyperkinetic DAS
; Antiinsomniac DAS
; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER
; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER
; AntiPMS 1 g day WER
; Antitic DAS
; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER
; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER
- CAMPHENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
Antilithic? JBH
; Antioxidant JA6(4):33
; Expectorant HH2
; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC
; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH
; Insectifuge 382
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Spasmogenic FT59:465
- COPAENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
Carminative PJB1(1):172
- COPPER
Rhizome 10 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiarthritic DAS
; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER
; Antiinflammatory WER
; Antinociceptive WER
; Contraceptive MAR
; Hypocholesterolemic DAS
; Schizophrenigenic DAS
- CYPERENE
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CYPERENONE
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CYPEROL
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CYPEROLONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CYPEROTUNDONE
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-COPADIENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-EPOXYGUAIENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-FRUCTOSE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-GLUCOSE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
Antisecretory NR54:36
- EO
Root 5,000 - 10,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- FLAVONOIDS
Root 12,500 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- GAMMA-CYMENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- IRON
Rhizome 430 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiakathisic M29
; Antianemic M29
; Anticheilitic DAS
; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM
- ISOCYPEROL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ISOKOBUSONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- KOBUSONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- LIMONENE
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
AChE-Inhibitor 453
; Allelochemic JAF45:3276
; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521
; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677
; Antialzheimeran? 453
; Antibacterial RIE12:5
; Anticancer AEM401:131
; Antifeedant JAF45:3276
; Antiflu EMP5:195
; Antilithic M29:1064
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antiseptic JAF44:2802
; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465
; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131
; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131
; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131
; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Candidistat JAF40:2330
; Chemopreventive AEM401:131
; Enterocontractant JAR4:22
; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242
; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283
; Fungistat JAF40:2330
; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX
; Insecticide 453
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG
; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Photosensitizer RIN
; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W
- LINOLEIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511
; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189
; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80
; Antiarthritic EMP6:189
; Anticoronary JBH
; Antieczemic EMP6:189
; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53
; Antigranular DUKE1992B
; Antihistaminic EMP6:189
; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153
; Antimenorrhagic PAM
; AntiMS EMP6:189
; Antiprostatitic PAM
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Carcinogenic SN146:421
; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B
; Hypocholesterolemic GAS
; Immunomodulator EMP6:189
; Insectifuge 382
; Metastatic SN146:421
; Nematicide NIG
- LINOLENIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- MAGNESIUM
Rhizome 1,500 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antianginal WER
; Antianorectic DAS
; Antianxiety WER
; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS
; Antiasthmatic PAM
; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticonvulsant FAC
; Anticoronary SYN-X
; Antidepressant DAS
; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER
; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999
; Antihyperkinetic DAS
; Antihypoglycemic DAS
; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER
; Antiinsomniac DAS
; Antilithic PAM
; Antimastalgic PAM
; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER
; Antineurotic DAS
; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X
; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER
; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X
; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X
; Calcium-Antagonist RWG125
; CNS-Depressant FAC
; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER
; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X
; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER
; Uterorelaxant WER
; Vasodilator WER
- MANGANESE
Rhizome 28 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antialcoholic FHN
; Antianemic MAR
; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER
; Antidiscotic DAS
; Antidyskinetic MAR
; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER
; Antiototic DAS
; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X
; Hypoglycemic
- MUSTAKONE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- MYRISTIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cosmetic JBH
; Hypercholesterolemic GAS
; Lubricant JBH
; Nematicide NIG
- OLEANOLIC-ACID
Tuber:
DUKE1992A
-
Abortifacient DUKE1992B
; Antiallergic LAF351
; Antiatherosclerotic LAF351
; Antibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987
; Anticariogenic LAF
; Anticomplement IC40-50 0.01 mM/l gpg HH2
IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg HH2
; Antiedemic IC36=40 mg/kg ipr rat DFN:159
; Antifertility PMP24:113
; Antigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987
; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):173
; AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090
IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Antihyperlipidemic JE49:57
; Antiinflammatory 40 mg/kg ipr JNP54:455
; Antimalarial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115
; Antioxidant BCI28:735
; Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987
; Antiplaque JNP59:987
; Antiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115
; Antisarcomic DUKE1992B
; Antiseptic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987
; Antitumor LAF351
; Antiulcer >carbenoxolone PJB1(1):181
; Antiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090
IC50=21.8 ug/ml JNP61:1090
; Aromatase-Inhibitor FIT68:387
; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg BO2
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cardiotonic LAF
; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor DUKE1992B
; Diuretic LAF
; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM BO2
; Hepatoprotective ACM:211
; Hypolipemic LAF351
; Immunomodulator LAF351
; Phagocytotic LAF351
; Piscicide WOI
; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs mus; Sedative LAF351
; Uterotonic
- OLEANOLIC-ACID-3-O-NEOHESPERIDOSIDE
Tuber:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- OLEIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511
; Allergenic M&R495
; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B
; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153
; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B
; Dermatitigenic M&R495
; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC
; Hypocholesterolemic GAS
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant M11
; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086
; Perfumery ARC
- P-CYMOL
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- PATCHOULENONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- PECTIN
Root 37,200 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day HSC25:1485
; Antibacterial DUKE1992B
; Antidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orl; Antidiarrheic M11
; Antimutagenic PM65:395
; Antiobesity JNU
; Antitumor (Colon) PM65:395
; Antitussive DUKE1992B
; Antiulcer DUKE1992B
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Chemopreventive PM65:395
; Demulcent DUKE1992B
; Fungicide LAF
; Hemostat DUKE1992B
; Hypocholesterolemic HSC25:1485
; Hypoglycemic JNU
; Peristaltic DUKE1992B
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- POLYPHENOLS
Root 16,200 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Anthelminthic JNP59:205
; Antibacterial JE26:74
; Anticariogenic JNP59:205
; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B
; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B
; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205
; AntiHIV JNP59:205
; Antihypertensive JNP59:205
; Antilipolytic JNP59:205
; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B
; Antiophidic EMP5:363
; Antioxidant IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051
; Antiradicular 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049
; Antirenitic CPB38:1049
; Antitumor JNP59:205
; Antiulcer JNP59:205
; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14
; Chelator JNP59:205
; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B
; Immunosuppressant RWG29
; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205
; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Psychotropic CPB38:1049
; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
- POTASSIUM
Rhizome 10,100 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiarrhythmic DAS
; Antidepressant DAS
; Antifatigue DAS
; Antihypertensive DAS
; Antispasmodic DAS
; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
- RESIN
Root 42,100 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ROTUNDENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ROTUNDENOL
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ROTUNDONE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SELINATRIENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SITOSTEROL
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SODIUM
Rhizome 254 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Hypertensive DAS
- STARCH
Root 92,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Absorbent M29
; Antidote (Iodine) JBH
; Antinesidioblastosic M29
; Emollient M29
; Poultice M29
- STEARIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511
; Cosmetic JBH
; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC
; Hypocholesterolemic GAS
; Lubricant JBH
; Perfumery ARC
; Propecic PMID10830511
; Suppository JBH
- SUGARS
Root 132,200 - 144,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SUGENOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SUGEONOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- SUGETRIOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ZINC
Rhizome 33 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29
; Antialopecic DAS
; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER
; Antianorexic M29
; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29
; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER
; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER
; Anticoeliac MAR
; Anticold 50 mg DAS
; Anticolitic DAS
; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X
; AntiCrohn's DAS
; Antidandruff DAS
; Antidiabetic SYN-X
; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89
; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER
; Antiencephalopathic M29
; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER
; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR
; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM
; Antiimpotence M29
; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER
; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER
; Antiinsomniac DAS
; Antilepric M29
; Antileukonychic MTM
; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antiplaque M29
; Antiprolactin PAM
; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM
; Antirheumatic DAS
; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR
; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER
; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR
88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B
; Antiviral? M29
; Astringent MAR
; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X
; Deodorant M29
; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Immunostimulant DAS
; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29
; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X
; Mucogenic JPP42:657
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER
; Testosteronigenic WER
; Trichomonicide M29
; Vulnerary MAR
References
- 382:
Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
- 450:
Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.
- 453:
Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
- 525:
Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
- ABEL1999:
Jim Duke's personal files
- ACM:211:
Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.
- AEM401:131:
Jim Duke's personal files
- AH12(4):17:
American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.
- ARC:
Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
- BCI28:735:
Balanehru, S. and Nagarajan, B. 1992. Intervention of Adriamycin Induced Free Radical Damage. Biochemistry International 28(4): 735-744, 1992.
- BO2:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CAN:
Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
- CPB38:1049:
Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.
- CPB38:1051:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CPB38:3086:
Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.
- DAS:
Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
- DFN:159:
Jim Duke's personal files
- DUKE1992A:
Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- DUKE1992B:
Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- EJP331:253:
Jim Duke's personal files
- EMP1:53:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.
- EMP5:195:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
- EMP5:363:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
- EMP6:189:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
- EMP6:235:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
- FAC:
Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
- FHN:
Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
- FIT68:387:
Jim Duke's personal files
- FT59:465:
Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
- FT63(1):3:
Jim Duke's personal files
- FT67:279:
Jim Duke's personal files
- GAS:
Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)
- HG22:14:
HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.
- HH2:
Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- HSC25:1485:
Cerda, J.J. Pectin in Health and Disease. HortScience, 25(12): 1485, 1990.
- JA6(4):33:
Jim Duke's personal files.
- JAF40:2330:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF43:2283:
J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
- JAF44:2802:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF45:3276:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF45:677:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF46:3434:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAR4:22:
J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
- JAR8:2:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JBH:
Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
- JE26:74:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JE26:80:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JE49:57:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JFH33(6):569:
J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.
- JNP54:455:
Aquino, R., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza, C.*, and Cirino, G. Plant Metabolites. New Compounds And Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Uncaria tomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 54(2): 453-459, 1991.
- JNP59:205:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JNP59:987:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JNP61:1090:
Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.
- JNU:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JPP42:657:
Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
- LAF:
Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
- LAF337:
Jim Duke's personal files
- LAF351:
Jim Duke's personal files
- LGR:
L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.
- LL-MAY89:
Let's Live, May 1989.
- M&R486:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R495:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R521:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R618:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M11:
Merck 11th Edition
- M29:
Martindale's 29th
- M29:1064:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MAR:
Martindale's 28th
- MED'94:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MED'95:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MTM:
Jim Duke's personal files
- NIG:
Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
- NR54:36:
Jim Duke's personal files
- NR54:S71:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PAM:
Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
- PJB1(1):172:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(1):181:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(3):242:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM56(2):173:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM56(4):371:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM65:395:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMID10830511:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMP24:113:
Jim Duke's personal files
- POP:153:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PR13:115:
Jim Duke's personal files
- RIE12:5:
Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.
- RIN:
Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
- RWG125:
Jim Duke's personal files
- RWG29:
Jim Duke's personal files
- SHT158:
Jim Duke's personal files
- SN146:421:
Science News, 146: 421.
- SNE137:292:
Jim Duke's personal files.
- SYN-X:
Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000.
Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
- TOX:
Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
- W&W:
Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)
- WER:
Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
- WOI:
ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.
- ZEB:
Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace
Phytochemical Database, USDA - ARS - NGRL,
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,
Beltsville, Maryland
Thu May 16 18:22:13 EDT 2002
Please send questions and comments to:
- James A. Duke (E-Mail:
JimDuke@cpcug.org)
- or
- Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg
(E-Mail:
SteveBS@nhgri.nih.gov)
Please send technical questions and comments to:
-
WebMaster (E-Mail:
WebMaster@ars-grin.gov)
The USDA does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication.
Please see the disclaimer
for more information.