Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in:
Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) -- Indian Saffron, Turmeric
Chemicals
- 1,8-CINEOLE
Rhizome 30 - 720 ppm DUKE1992A
-
(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2
; (-)-Inotropic HH2
; Allelopathic 450
; Allergenic M&R486
; Anesthetic DUKE1992B
; Anthelminthic JBH
; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434
; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569
; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B
; Anticatarrh M29
; Anticholinesterase LGR
; Antifatigue JAR8:2
; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17
; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B
; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B
; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B
; Antiseptic JBH
; Antispasmodic SHT158
; Antistaphylococcic JAR8:2
; Antitussive MED'94
; Candidicide LAF337
; Carcinogenic ZEB
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B
; Convulsant JAR8:2
; Counterirritant M29
; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95
; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253
; Dentifrice M29
; Edemagenic inj EJP331:253
; Expectorant JBH
; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC
; Fungicide SHT158
; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2
; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2
; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B
; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX
; Hypotensive DUKE1992B
; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253
; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN
; Myorelaxant CAN
; Nematicide NIG
; Neurotoxic JAR8:2
; P450-Inducer MED'95
; Perfume ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Rubefacient M29
; Secretogogue SHT158
; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2
; Surfactant SHT158
; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95
; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279
- 2-BORNANOL
Plant:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- 2-HYDROXY-METHYL-ANTHRAQUINONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Antileukemic ED50=2.6 ug/ml ACM:361
; Cytotoxic JBH
- 4-HYDROXY-CINNAMOYL-(FERULOYL)-METHANE
Rhizome 180 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ALPHA-ATLANTONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ALPHA-PINENE
Essential Oil 5,300 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Allelochemic DUKE1992B
; Allergenic M&R523
; Antibacterial RIE12:5
; Antifeedant JAF45:3276
; Antiflu EMP5:195
; Antiinflammatory IJO15(4):194
; Antiviral EMP5:195
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B
; Expectorant MIK
; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC
; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX
; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141
; Irritant JBH
; Perfumery ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative LRN-JUN90
; Spasmogenic CAN
; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90
- ALPHA-TERPINEOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575
; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95
; Antibacterial MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103
; Anticancer JNU
; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103
; Antiseptic JBH
; FLavor FEMA 5-40 ARC
; Motor-Depressant BVC:162
; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183
; Perfumery JBH
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative BVC:162
; Termiticide MUO24:1
- AR-TURMERONE
Rhizome 5,800 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antihemorrhagic WIC
; Antiinflammatory WIC
; Antilymphocytic BIS
; Antiophidic WIC
; Antitumor DUKE1992B
; Insectifuge 382
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- ARABINOSE
Rhizome 10,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ASCORBIC-ACID
Rhizome 293 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC
; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X
; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X
; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X
400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER
; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER
; Antiatherosclerotic PAM
; Antibacterial DAS
; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER
400 mg/day SYN-X
; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR
; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29
; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR
; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER
; Antidiabetic SYN-X
; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189
; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS
; Antidote (Lead) DAS
; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR
; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER
; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS
; Antiencephalitic DAS
; Antigingivitic PAM
; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER
; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS
; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS
; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189
; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER
; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER
; Antiinflammatory PAM
; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR
; Antimeasles DAS
; Antimigraine M29
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR
; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER
; Antiorchitic DAS
; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER
; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B
; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER
; Antiparotitic DAS
; Antiperiodontitic WER
; Antipneumonic PAM
; Antipodriac DAS
; Antipoliomyelitic DAS
; Antipyretic EMP6:189
; Antiradicular SYN-X
; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR
; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X
MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR
; Antishingles DAS
; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X
; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71
; Antiulcer WER
; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2
; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM
; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS
; Collagenic BO2
; Detoxicant DUKE1992B
; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B
; Fistula-Preventive PAM
; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS
; Hypoglycemic SYN-X
; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292
; Immunostimulant SYN-X
; Interferonogenic PAM
; Lithogenic DAS
; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS
; Urinary-Acidulant M29
; Vulnerary PAM
- ASH
Rhizome 9,000 - 148,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- AZULENE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Antiallergic IWU
; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL
; Antihistaminic CAN
; Antiinflammatory PEP
; Antipyretic HG20:40
; Antiseptic 6-500 VAL
; Antispasmodic CAN
; Antiulcer ED50=150 (orl) DUKE1992B
; Hepatoregenerative CAN
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- BETA-CAROTENE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Allergenic M&R610
; Androgenic? PAM
; Antiacne PAM
; Antiaging DUKE1992B
; Antiasthmatic PAM
; Anticancer JNU
; Anticarcinomic PAM
; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16
; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM
; Antileukoplakic PAM
; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR
; Antimastitic PAM
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antioxidant PAM
; Antiozenic DUKE1992B
; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29
; Antipityriasic PAM
; AntiPMS JAFC34:409
; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR
; Antiproliferant JNU
; Antipsoriac PAM
; Antiradicular PAM
; Antistress DAS
; Antitumor HSC25:1495
; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM
; Antixerophthalmic DAS
; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505
; Colorant JBH
; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM
; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264
; Mucogenic PAM
; Phagocytotic PAM
; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096
; Thymoprotective PAM
; Ubiquiot JBH
- BETA-PINENE
Essential Oil 2,700 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Allergenic M&R618
; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3
; Antiseptic LAF
; Candidicide LAF337
; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC
; Herbicide TOX
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant ZEB
; Perfumery ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Spasmogenic CAN
- BETA-SESQUIPHELLANDRENE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Antirhinoviral IC50=0.44 uM JNP57:658
; Antiulcer IC40=50 mg/kg YAK112:645
; Expectorant PJB1(3):248
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- BIS-(PARA-HYDROXY-CINNAMOYL)-METHANE
Rhizome 1,360 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- BIS-DESMETHOXYCURCUMIN
Rhizome 67 - 27,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiangiogenic DUKE1992B
; Anticholeretic HG17
; Antiinflammatory PCF
- BISABOLENE
Root:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- BORNEOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2
; (-)-Inotropic HH2
; Allelochemic JAF45:3276
; Analgesic DUKE1992B
; Antiacetylcholine CAN
; Antibronchitic JBH
; Antifeedant JAF45:3276
; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B
; Antipyretic DUKE1992B
; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml FT59:465
; CNS-Stimulant HHB
; CNS-Toxic JBH
; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC
; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B
; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438
IC50=470 uM TOX
; Inhalant JBH
; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant RIN
; Myorelaxant CAN
; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183
; Perfumery JBH
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative MED
- BORON
Root 1 - 6 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
; Antiosteoarthritic WER
; Antiosteoporotic DUKE1992B
; Estrogenic DUKE1992B
- CAFFEIC-ACID
Rhizome 5 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99
; Allergenic M&R317
; Analgesic PMP23:51
; Antiadenoviral EMP5:207
; Antiaggregant JBH
; Antibacterial PAM
; Anticancer JAF47:397
; Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189
; Antiedemic EMP6:189
; Antielastase IC50=93 um/l PMID11199135
; Antiflu EMP5:207
; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10
; Antihemolytic 25 uM PC36:579
; Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orl mus ACS661:230
; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173
; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml EC50=>50 ug/ml POP:270
; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B
; AntiHIV EC50=200 ug/ml; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189
; Antiinflammatory JBH
; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B
; Antimutagenic PCF:18
; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18
; Antiophidic FT65(2):101
; Antioxidant 1.3 x Vit. E BO2
1/3 quercetin JAF47:397
30 mM JAF48:235
50 um PC27:973
IC57=30 ppm PCF:221
; Antiperoxidant IC50=44 uM PM57:A54
; Antiprostaglandin PJB1(1):169
; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397
10 uM PC36:579
30 mM JAF48:235
; Antiseptic JE26:76
; Antispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73
; Antistomatitic EMP5:207
; Antisunburn PM61:510
; Antithiamin PCF:69
; Antithyroid JNM1:10
; Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl mus; Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM CR48:5941
; Antiulcerogenic; Antivaccinia EMP5:207
; Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/ml; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Carcinogenic 2% (diet) PCF:39,277
; Cholagogue WIC
; Choleretic 411
; Clastogenic JBH
; CNS-Active WIC
; Co-carcinogenic PCF:44
; Collagen-Sparing PM61:510
; Cytoprotective CAN
; Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/ml POP:270
; Diuretic WIC
; DNA-Active JBH
; Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml; Hepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orl mus (in the absence of alcohol) ACS661:230
; Hepatoprotective ACM:210
; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B
; Immunostimulant PPL7:187
; Insectifuge EB48:111
; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM JAF38:688
IC50=62-148 uM JAF44:2057
; Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uM JAF44:2057
; Metal-Chelator PCF:25
; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Prooxidant JAFC45:632
; Prostaglandigenic RWG27
; Sedative 500 mg RWG17
; Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l FT64:134
IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134
IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134
; Tumorigenic 505
; Vulnerary JE26:76
; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21 um MAB
- CALCIUM
Rhizome 270 - 2,898 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS
; Antiatherosclerotic WER
; Antidepressant DAS
; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS
; Antidote (Lead) DAS
; Antihyperkinetic DAS
; Antiinsomniac DAS
; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER
; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER
; AntiPMS 1 g day WER
; Antitic DAS
; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER
; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER
- CAPRYLIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Candidicide 300 mg/man/12 x/day CPA
; Fungicide M11
; Irritant M&R503
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- CARBOHYDRATES
Rhizome 79,000 - 829,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CARYOPHYLLENE
Essential Oil:
DUKE1992A
-
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238
; Antiacne PJB1(3):238
; Antiasthmatic LAF
; Antibacterial JAF40:2329
; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103
; Antiedemic CPB38:2283
; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX
; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283
; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B
; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7
; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238
; Antitumor JNP55:999
; Candidicide JAR10:7
; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC
; Fungicide JAR10:7
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant ZEB
; Perfumery M11
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative JAR10:7
; Termitifuge 382
- CHROMIUM
Rhizome 6 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Amphiglycemic? DAS
; AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug SYN-X
; Antiaging SYN-X
; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day; Anticorneotic DAS
; Antidiabetic 200-1,000 ug; Antidote (Lead) DAS
; Antiglycosuric; Antiobesity SYN-X
; Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug SYN-X
; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER
200-1,000 ug SYN-X
; Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day WER
200-1,000 ug SYN-X
; Hypoglycemic SYN-X
; Hypotensive SYN-X
; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B
- CINEOLE
Essential Oil 29,200 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CINNAMIC-ACID
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99
; Allergenic M&R317
; Anesthetic DUKE1992B
; Antibacterial MAR
; Antiinflammatory PMP25:55
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antispasmodic JBH
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; Dermatitigenic JBH
; FLavor FEMA 4-40 ARC
; Fungicide DUKE1992B
; Herbicide DUKE1992B
; Laxative DUKE1992B
; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor RWG141
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Vermifuge JE26:81
- COBALT
Rhizome 1 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Cardiomyopathogenic DAS
; Erythrocytogenic DAS
- COPPER
Rhizome 6 - 17 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiarthritic DAS
; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER
; Antiinflammatory WER
; Antinociceptive WER
; Contraceptive MAR
; Hypocholesterolemic DAS
; Schizophrenigenic DAS
- CUMINYL-ALCOHOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CURCUMENE
Essential Oil 121,700 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CURCUMENOL
Essential Oil 21,300 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Anticancer KCH
; Emetic KCH
- CURCUMIN
Rhizome 9 - 38,888 ppm DUKE1992A
-
12-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor HG37:18
; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor AAA31:329
; Antiadenomacarcinogenic 50-200 mg/kg ipr rat FT68:483
; Antiaflatoxin PAL:326
; Antiaggregant PJB1(1):172
; Antiangiogenic MAB
; Antiarachidonate PAL:326
; Antiarthritic PAM
; Antiasthmatic HG37:18
; Antiatherosclerotic 0.4-20 mg/kg/day FT68:483
; Antibacterial NIG
; Antibronchitic HG37:18
; Anticancer (Breast) PAL:326
; Anticancer (Colon) PAL:326
; Anticancer (Duodenum) PAL:326
; Anticancer (Mammary) 50-200 mg/kg ipr rat; Anticancer (Skin) PAL:326
; Anticataract 75 mg/kg orl rat FT68:483
; Anticholecystosic PAM
; Anticolitic HG37:18
; AntiCrohn's HG37:18
; AntiEBV IC50=5.4 uM NR54:S24
; Antieczemic IWU
; Antiedemic ED50=100.2 mg/kg orl mus (cf 78 for cortisone) ED50=48 mg/kg orl rat (cf 45 for cortisone) ED50=48 mg/kg orl rat (cf 48 for phenylbutazone); Antihepatotic PFH44:87
; AntiHIV IC50=40 uM BP49:1165
; Antiinflammatory 1 uM HG37:18
1,200 mg/man/day; Antiintegrase 40-150 uM; Antiischemic PFH44:87
; Antileukemic FT68:483
; Antileukotriene HG37:18
; Antilithic 0.5% diet FT68:483
; Antilymphomic 0.4 mg/ml IWU
4 ug/ml MAB
; Antimelanomic 200 nM/kg orl mus FT68:483
; Antimetastatic FT68:483
; Antimutagenic; Antinitrosaminic PAL:326
; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA PCF:125
IC50=500 uM PC27:974
; Antiperoxidant PCF:347
; Antiprostaglandin 8.8 uM PM184.1986
; Antipsoriatic HG37:18
; Antispasmodic MPI
; Antithrombotic FT68:483
; Antithromboxane FT68:483
; Antitumor (Colon) CLE64:117
; Antitumor-Promoter IC91=10 uM CR48:5941
; Antiulcer orl rat FT68:483
; Antiviral IC50=5.4 uM NR54:S24
; Apoptotic 2,000 ppm (diet) orl rat FT68:483
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cardiodepressant MPI
; Chelator IC50=500 uM PC27:974
Iron PAL:326
; Cholagogue DUKE1992B
; Choleretic HG24:37
; COX-2-Inhibitor 10 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor PCF:338
; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ
; Cytotoxic 0.4-4 mg/ml IWU
IC50=1 ug/ml FT68:483
; Deodorant IWU
; Detoxicant PAL:326
; Dye M11
; Fibrinolytic FT68:483
; Fungicide DUKE1992B
; Hepatoprotective 30 mg/kg/day FT68:483
30 ppm TOX107:39
; Hypocholesterolemic 0.15% diet 7 wks FT68:483
; Hypolipidemic FT68:483
; Hypotensive DUKE1992B
; Immunostimulant 40 mg/kg/5 wk orl rat FT68:483
; Litholytic 0.5% diet FT68:483
; Metal-Chelator PCF:25
; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PAL:327
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Phototoxic IWU
; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 0.2% diet rat CR55:259
; Protease-Inhibitor IC50=11-250 uM DUKE1992B
; Protein-Kinase-Inhibitor FT68:483
; Pulmonoprotective 200 mg/kg/7 d FT68:483
; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 3.4 uM CAR19:1039
; Ulcerogenic orl rat FT68:483
- CURDIONE
Essential Oil 11,900 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Anticancer (Cervix) MPT
; Antileukopenic KCH
; Antisarcomic ACM:435
; Antitumor DUKE1992B
; AntiX-Radiation KCH
- CURLONE
Rhizome 120 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CURZERENONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CURZERENONE-C
Essential Oil 20,400 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- CYCLO-ISOPRENEMYRCENE
Rhizome 8,500 - 29,750 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
Rhizome 30 - 720 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-CAMPHENE
Rhizome 480 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-CAMPHOR
Rhizome 30 - 1,500 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- D-SABINENE
Rhizome 20 - 432 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- DEHYDROTURMERONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- DESMETHOXYCURCUMIN
Rhizome 500 - 11,100 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- DI-P-COUMAROYL-METHANE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Cytotoxic CCO
; Hepatoprotective LAF
- DICINNAMOYLMETHANE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Choleretic FT5:1986
- DIDESMETHOXYCURCUMIN
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- DIFERULOYL-METHANE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Cytotoxic CCO
- DIHYDROCURCUMIN
Rhizome 57 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- EO
Rhizome 3,000 - 72,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- EUGENOL
Essential Oil 2,100 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Allergenic M&R488
; Analgesic M11
; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93
; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93
; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269
; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL
; Anticonvulsant JBH
; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95
; Antifeedant 382
; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7
; Antimitotic JBH
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200
; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7
IC65=30 ppm PCF:219
; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986
IC50=9.2 mM POP:150
; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B
; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233
; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B
; Antispasmodic LAF
; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87
; Antitumor JNP55:999
; Antiulcer DUKE1992B
; Apifuge 382
; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432
IC50=224 uM LAB58
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Candidicide PR4:93
; Carcinogenic? NIG
; Carminative JPP46:16
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; CNS-Depressant JBH
; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7
; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>97=1,000 uM HHM7:7
; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ
; Cytotoxic 25 ug/mL PR4:93
; Dermatitigenic M&R489
; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22
; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC
; Fungicide PMP23:60
; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOXICOLOGY107:39
; Herbicide PMP23:60
; Insecticide LAF
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant; Juvabional 382
; Larvicide JE26:72
; Motor-Depressant BVC:162
; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183
; Neurotoxic RJH
; Perfumery ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629
IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279
; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG
; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93
; Ulcerogenic PR4:93
; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
- FAT
Rhizome 18,000 - 153,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- FERULOYL-P-COUMAROYL-METHANE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Cytotoxic CCO
- FIBER
Rhizome 9,000 - 84,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antidiabetic DUKE1992B
; Antiobesity DUKE1992B
; Antitumor PAM
; Antiulcer PAM
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B
; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B
; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM
; Laxative DUKE1992B
- FRUCTOSE
Rhizome 120,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antialcoholic JBH
; Antidiabetic JBH
; Antihangover DUKE1992B
; Antiketotic M11
; Antinauseant JBH
; Laxative AJC62:1212
; Neoplastic CRC
; Sweetener 2 x glucose JBH
- GAMMA-ATLANTONE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- GLUCOSE
Rhizome 280,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B
; Antiedemic JBH
; Antihepatotoxic M11
; Antiketotic M11
; Antivaricose JBH
; Hyperglycemic M11
; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990
- GUAIACOL
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Anesthetic DUKE1992B
; Antibacterial 8,000 ppm VAL
; Antidermatitic JBH
; Antieczemic JBH
; Antiesophagitic M29
; Antiseptic M29
; Antituberculic DUKE1992B
; Cardiodepressant ZEB
; Cardiotonic LRNP:JUL'96
; Emetic ZEB
; Expectorant 0.3-0.6 ml/man MAR
; FLavor FEMA <1-1 ARC
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor IC50=57 uM FRBM26:193
; Transdermal ZEB
- IRON
Rhizome 121 - 467 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiakathisic M29
; Antianemic M29
; Anticheilitic DAS
; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM
- ISOBORNEOL
Rhizome Essent. Oil 200 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Insectifuge DUKE1992B
; Motor-Stimulant BVC:162
; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative MED
- L-ALPHA-CURCUMENE
Rhizome 18,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- L-BETA-CURCUMENE
Rhizome 18,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- LIMONENE
Essential Oil 2,300 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
AChE-Inhibitor 453
; Allelochemic JAF45:3276
; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521
; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677
; Antialzheimeran? 453
; Antibacterial RIE12:5
; Anticancer AEM401:131
; Antifeedant JAF45:3276
; Antiflu EMP5:195
; Antilithic M29:1064
; Antimutagenic EMP6:235
; Antiseptic JAF44:2802
; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465
; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131
; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131
; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131
; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Candidistat JAF40:2330
; Chemopreventive AEM401:131
; Enterocontractant JAR4:22
; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242
; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283
; Fungistat JAF40:2330
; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX
; Insecticide 453
; Insectifuge 382
; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG
; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Photosensitizer RIN
; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W
- LINALOL
Essential Oil 1,600 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- MANGANESE
Rhizome 33 - 78 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antialcoholic FHN
; Antianemic MAR
; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER
; Antidiscotic DAS
; Antidyskinetic MAR
; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER
; Antiototic DAS
; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X
; Hypoglycemic
- MONODESMETHOXYCURCUMIN
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- NIACIN
Rhizome 5 - 62 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Allergenic WER
; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B
; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER
; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B
; Antianginal DUKE1992B
; Antichilblain JBH
; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER
; Antidermatitic DAS
; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B
; Antiepileptic WER
; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER
; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER
; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER
; AntiMeniere's JAD
; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B
; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER
; Antipellagric DAS
; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B
; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER
; Antivertigo DUKE1992B
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B
; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B
; Hypolipidemic RWG17
; Sedative PAM
; Serotoninergic PAM
; Vasodilator M29
- NICKEL
Rhizome 3.8 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiadrenalinic DAS
; Anticirrhotic? DAS
; Insulin-Sparing DAS
- O-COUMARIC-ACID
Leaf:
DUKE1992A
-
Antibacterial PHZ46:156
; Fungicide PHZ46:156
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- P-COUMARIC-ACID
Rhizome 345 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99
; Allelopathic JBH
; Antibacterial PHZ46:156
; Antifertility AEHD1:84
; Antihepatotoxic JBH
; Antinitrosaminic JNU
; Antioxidant IC24=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54
; Antispasmodic CAN
; Antitumor; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; Cytotoxic JBH
; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90
; Fungicide NIG
; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM JAF38:688
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Prostaglandigenic RWG27
; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor DUKE1992B
- P-CYMENE
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
Analgesic MAR
; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677
; Antibacterial JE26:74
; Antiflu DUKE1992B
; Antirheumatalgic MAR
; Antiviral DUKE1992B
; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC
; Fungicide TOX
; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX
; Insectifuge HH3
; Irritant ZEB
; Laxative ZEB
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Sedative ZEB
; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279
- P-METHOXY-CINNAMIC-ACID
Rhizome 360 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antipyretic DUKE1992B
; Fungicide DUKE1992B
; Hemolytic DUKE1992B
; Hypoglycemic OMM
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- P-TOLYMETHYLCARBINOL
Rhizome 500 - 1,750 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Cholagogue HG117
- PHOSPHORUS
Rhizome 640 - 6,307 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiosteoporotic DAS
; Immunostimulant DAS
; Osteogenic DAS
- POTASSIUM
Rhizome 4,870 - 41,271 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antiarrhythmic DAS
; Antidepressant DAS
; Antifatigue DAS
; Antihypertensive DAS
; Antispasmodic DAS
; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B
- PROTEIN
Rhizome 12,000 - 306,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- PROTOCATECHUIC-ACID
Leaf:
DUKE1992A
-
Antiarrhythmic ACM:407
; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B
; Antibacterial PR4(5):198
; Anticlastogen PMID9025787
; Antihepatotoxic JBH
; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B
; Antiinflammatory JBH
; Antiischemic JBH
; Antimutagenic PMID9025787
; Antiophidic EMP5:363
; Antioxidant ABC53:519
; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54
; Antiradicular JAF45:1039
; Antispasmodic EC50=4.6-17 uM PR4(2):73
; Antitussive ACM:200
; Antiviral JAF45:1039
; Fungicide 500 ug/ml 438
; Immunostimulant EMP1:124
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Phagocytotic EMP1:124
; Prostaglandigenic RWG27
; Secretogogue CAN
; Ubiquiot JBH
- RESIN
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- RIBOFLAVIN
Rhizome 12 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR
; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER
; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER
; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B
; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B
; Antiglossitic DAS
; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B
; Antimigraine DUKE1992B
; Antipellagric DUKE1992B
; Antiphotophobic DAS
; Cancer-Preventive 525
- SODIUM
Rhizome 30 - 4,290 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Hypertensive DAS
- SYRINGIC-ACID
Leaf:
DUKE1992A
-
Antioxidant IC39=30 ppm PCF:218
; Ubiquiot JBH
- TERPINENE
Essential Oil 27,200 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- TERPINEOL
Essential Oil 500 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiallergenic DUKE1992B
; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B
; Antibacterial DUKE1992B
; Anticancer JNU
; Antiproliferant JNU
; Antiseptic M11
; Antitussive DUKE1992B
; Cholagogue DUKE1992B
; Expectorant DUKE1992B
; Insectifuge 382
; Perfumery M11
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- THIAMIN
Rhizome 8 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER
; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B
; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER
; Antianorectic JBH
; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER
; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B
; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B
; Anticolitic DUKE1992B
; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B
; Antideliriant DUKE1992B
; Antiencephalopathic M29
; Antifatigue JBH
; Antigastritic JBH
; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B
; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B
; Antimigraine DUKE1992B
; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B
; Antineuralgic WER
; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B
; Antineuritic DUKE1992B
; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER
; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B
; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- TURMERONE
Rhizome 1,800 - 43,200 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Choleretic DUKE1992B
; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B
; Insectifuge 382
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
- UKONAN-A
Rhizome 33 - 6,600 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Immunostimulant DUKE1992B
; Phagocytotic 5 mg/kg ip PC29(4):1083
; RES-Activator CPB38:1968
- UKONAN-B
Rhizome 47 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Phagocytotic 5 mg/kg CPB38:484
; RES-Activator CPB38:1968
- UKONAN-C
Rhizome 52 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- UKONAN-D
Rhizome:
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- VANILLIC-ACID
Leaf:
DUKE1992A
-
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM/l PHM1:145
; Anthelminthic JBH
; Antibacterial 1.5-15 mg/ml 452
; Anticancer JAF47:397
; Antifatigue; Antiinflammatory JBH
; Antioxidant IC21=30 ppm; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397
; Antisickling PM56(6):681
; Antitumor JAF47:397
; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397
; Ascaricide DUKE1992B
; Cancer-Preventive 525
; Choleretic DUKE1992B
; Immunosuppressant RWG29
; Laxative MPI
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Ubiquiot JBH
- WATER
Rhizome 133,000 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
No activity reported.
- ZINC
Rhizome 22 ppm;
DUKE1992A
-
Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29
; Antialopecic DAS
; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER
; Antianorexic M29
; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29
; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER
; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER
; Anticoeliac MAR
; Anticold 50 mg DAS
; Anticolitic DAS
; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X
; AntiCrohn's DAS
; Antidandruff DAS
; Antidiabetic SYN-X
; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89
; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER
; Antiencephalopathic M29
; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER
; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR
; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM
; Antiimpotence M29
; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER
; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER
; Antiinsomniac DAS
; Antilepric M29
; Antileukonychic MTM
; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antiplaque M29
; Antiprolactin PAM
; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM
; Antirheumatic DAS
; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR
; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER
; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR
88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B
; Antiviral? M29
; Astringent MAR
; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X
; Deodorant M29
; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Immunostimulant DAS
; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29
; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X
; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X
; Mucogenic JPP42:657
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER
; Testosteronigenic WER
; Trichomonicide M29
; Vulnerary MAR
- ZINGIBERENE
Rhizome 750 - 18,000 ppm DUKE1992A
-
Antirhinoviral MAB
; Antiulcer IC54=100 mg/kg; Carminative PJB1(2):292
; Insecticide TOX
; Perfumery ARC
; Pesticide DUKE1992B
References
- 382:
Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
- 411:
Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
- 438:
Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
- 450:
Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.
- 452:
Recio, M. C., Rios, J. L., and Villar, A., A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature 1978-1988, Phytotherapy Research, 3(4), 1989, 117-125.
- 453:
Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
- 505:
Jim Duke's personal files.
- 525:
Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
- AAA31:329:
Jim Duke's personal files
- ABC53:519:
Kikuzaki, H. and Nakatani, N. 1988. Structure of a New Antioxidative Phenolic Acid from Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Agric. Biol. Chem. 53: 519-524.
- ACM:200:
Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 200.
- ACM:210:
Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.
- ACM:361:
Jim Duke's personal files
- ACM:407:
Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 407.
- ACM:435:
Jim Duke's personal files
- ACS661:230:
Jim Duke's personal files
- AEHD1:84:
Jim Duke's personal files
- AEM401:131:
Jim Duke's personal files
- AH12(4):17:
American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.
- AJC62:1212:
Jim Duke's personal files
- ARC:
Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
- BIS:
Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.
Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).
- BO2:
Jim Duke's personal files
- BP49:1165:
Jim Duke's personal files
- BVC:162:
Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
- CAN:
Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
- CAR19:1039:
Singletary, K., et al. 1998. Effect of the Beta-Diketones Diferoloylmethane (Curcumin) and Dibenzoylmethane on Rat Mammary DNA Adducts and Tumors Induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(A)anthracene. Carcinogenesis, 19(6): 1039-1043.
- CCO:
Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)
- CLE64:117:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CMR3/4/91:16:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CPA:
Can. Pharm. Assoc. Medication. 1988
- CPB38:1968:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CPB38:2283:
Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
- CPB38:484:
Jim Duke's personal files
- CR48:5941:
Cancer Research, 48: 5941.
- CR55:259:
Rao, C. V., Rivenson, A., Simi, B., Reddy, B. S. 1995. Chemoprevention of Colon Carcinogenesis by Dietary Curcumin, a Naturally Occurring Plant Phenolic Compound. Cancer Research, 55(2): 259-266.
- CRC:
CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses
- DAS:
Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
- DUKE1992A:
Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- DUKE1992B:
Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- EB48:111:
Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.
- EJP331:253:
Jim Duke's personal files
- EMP1:124:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.
- EMP5:195:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
- EMP5:207:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.
- EMP5:363:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
- EMP6:189:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
- EMP6:235:
Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
- FHN:
Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
- FRBM26:193:
Alanko, J., et al. 1999. Modulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism by Phenols: Relation to their Structure and Antioxidant/Proooxidant Properties. Free Radical Biol Med, 26(1/2): 193-201.
- FT59:465:
Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
- FT5:1986:
Fitoterapia No.5-1986.
- FT63(1):3:
Jim Duke's personal files
- FT64:134:
Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.
- FT65(2):101:
Jim Duke's personal files
- FT67:279:
Jim Duke's personal files
- FT68:483:
Jim Duke's personal files
- GPH27:629:
Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
- HG117:
Jim Duke's personal files
- HG17:
HerbalGram No. 17.
- HG20:40:
HerbalGram No. 20, page 40.
- HG24:37:
HerbalGram No. 24, page 37.
- HG37:18:
Jim Duke's personal files
- HH2:
Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- HH3:
Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- HHB:
List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
- HHM7:7:
Jim Duke's personal files
- HSC25:1495:
Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.
- IJO15(4):194:
Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+
- IWU:
Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.
- J14432:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAD:
Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
- JAF38:688:
Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
- JAF40:2329:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF40:2330:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF41:1103:
Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
- JAF43:2283:
J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
- JAF44:2057:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF44:2096:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF44:2802:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF45:1039:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF45:3276:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF45:677:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF46:3434:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF47:397:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAF48:235:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAFC34:409:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAFC45:632:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAR10:7:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JAR4:22:
J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
- JAR8:2:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JBH:
Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
- JE26:72:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JE26:74:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JE26:76:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JE26:81:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JFH33(6):569:
J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.
- JNM1:10:
Jim Duke's personal files.
- JNP55:999:
Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
- JNP57:658:
Denyer, C.V., Jackson, P., Loakes, D.M., Ellis, M.R., and Yound, D.A.B. Isolation of Antirhinoviral Sesquiterpenes From Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products, 57(5): 658-662, 1994.
- JNU:
Jim Duke's personal files
- JPP42:657:
Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
- JPP46:16:
Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
- JSPR22:141:
J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
- K16299:
Jim Duke's personal files
- K26575:
Jim Duke's personal files
- KCH:
Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
- LAB58:
Jim Duke's personal files
- LAF:
Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
- LAF337:
Jim Duke's personal files
- LGR:
L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.
- LL-MAY89:
Let's Live, May 1989.
- LRN-DEC90:
Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.
- LRN-DEC93:
Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
- LRN-JUL87:
Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
- LRN-JUN90:
Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
- LRNP:JUL'96:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R317:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R486:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R488:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R489:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R503:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R521:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R523:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R610:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M&R618:
Jim Duke's personal files
- M11:
Merck 11th Edition
- M29:
Martindale's 29th
- M29:1064:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MAB:
Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2,000. Phytotherapy. Churchill
Livinston, Edinburgh.
- MAR:
Martindale's 28th
- MED:
Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
- MED'94:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MED'95:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MIK:
Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.
- MPI:
=ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600pp
Note: (2 vols so far).
- MPT:
Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.
- MTM:
Jim Duke's personal files
- MUO24:1:
Material und Organismen , 24: 1, 1989.
- NIG:
Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
- NR54:S24:
Jim Duke's personal files
- NR54:S71:
Jim Duke's personal files
- OMM:
Oriental Materia Medica (three volumes by Dr. Hsu and collaborators)
- PAL:326:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PAL:327:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PAM:
Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
- PC27:973:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PC27:974:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PC29(4):1083:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PC36:579:
Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.
- PCF:
Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
- PCF-I:200:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:125:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:18:
Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.
- PCF:19:
Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.
- PCF:218:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:219:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:221:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:25:
McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.
- PCF:338:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:347:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:39,277:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:44:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PCF:69:
Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.
- PEP:
Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.
- PFH44:87:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PHM1:145:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PHM7:7:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PHZ46:156:
Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.
- PIZ:
Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.
- PJB1(1):169:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(1):172:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(2):264:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(2):269:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(2):292:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(3):238:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(3):242:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PJB1(3):248:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM184.1986:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM186:1986:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM56(6):681:
Planta Medica, 56(6): 681, 1990.
- PM56:173:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PM57:A54:
Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.
- PM61:510:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMID11199135:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMID9025787:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMP22:233:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMP23:51:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMP23:60:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PMP25:55:
Jim Duke's personal files
- POP:150:
Jim Duke's personal files
- POP:270:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PPL7:187:
Jim Duke's personal files
- PR4(2):73:
Ortiz de Urbina, J.J., Martin, M.L., Sevilla, M.A., Montero, M.J., Carron, R., and San Roman, L. Antispasmodic Activity on Rat Smooth Muscle of Polyphenol Compounds Caffeic and Protocathechic Acids. Phytotherapy Research 4(2): 73, 1990.
- PR4(5):198:
Lamikanra, A., Ogundaini, A.O., and Ogungbamila*, F.O. Antibacterial Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 198.
- PR4:73:
Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.
- PR4:93:
Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.
- PR4:95:
Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.
- RIE12:5:
Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.
- RIN:
Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
- RJH:
R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.
- RWG141:
Jim Duke's personal files
- RWG17:
Jim Duke's personal files
- RWG27:
Jim Duke's personal files
- RWG29:
Jim Duke's personal files
- SHT158:
Jim Duke's personal files
- SKN43:99:
Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.
- SN138:189.1990:
Science News, 138: 189, 1990.
- SNE137:292:
Jim Duke's personal files.
- SYN-X:
Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000.
Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
- SZ44:183:
Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.
- TOX:
Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
- TOX107:39:
Jim Duke's personal files
- TOXICOLOGY107:39:
Jim Duke's personal files
- TYK1992:95:
Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.
- VAL:
Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.
- W&W:
Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)
- WER:
Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
- WIC:
Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
- YAK112:645:
Yamahara, J., et al. Stomachic principles in ginger. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rhizoma of... Yakugaku Zasshi 112: 645-655 (1992).
- ZEB:
Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace
Phytochemical Database, USDA - ARS - NGRL,
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,
Beltsville, Maryland
Thu May 16 18:22:51 EDT 2002
Please send questions and comments to:
- James A. Duke (E-Mail:
JimDuke@cpcug.org)
- or
- Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg
(E-Mail:
SteveBS@nhgri.nih.gov)
Please send technical questions and comments to:
-
WebMaster (E-Mail:
WebMaster@ars-grin.gov)
The USDA does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication.
Please see the disclaimer
for more information.