Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) -- Papaya

Chemicals

(E)-BETA-OCIMENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

(Z)-BETA-OCIMENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

3-METHYL-BUTYL-BENZOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

4-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-PENTAN-2-ONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

4-TERPINEOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

Antiasthmatic PJB1(2):289 ; Diuretic RIN ; FLavor FEMA 20-100 ARC ; Insectifuge JNP56:935 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

5,6-MONOEPOXI-BETA-CAROTENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

6-METHYLKEPT-5-EN-2-ONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALANINE Fruit 140 - 1,253 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant PC27:969 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Oxidant PC27:969

ALKALOIDS Leaf 1,300 - 1,500 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-LINOLENIC-ACID Fruit 250 - 2,238 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antiaggregant FIH ; Antiinflammatory IC50=42 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; Antimetastatic FIH ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hypotensive FIH ; Immunostimulant 0.12 ml/man/day FIH ; Lymphocytogenic 0.5 ug/ml FIH ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 39.5 g/day/hmn ARS:451

ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Dermal JBH ; Emetic PJB1(1) ; FLavor FEMA 10-130 ARC ; Fungicide HH2 ; Insectiphile PEP ; Irritant JBH ; Laxative PJB1(1) ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ALPHA-TERPINENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=1.0 mM JAF45:677 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

AMYL-ACETATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARGININE Fruit 100 - 895 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic? WIC ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antiimpotence JMF1(3) ; Antiinfertility 4 g/day WER ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Aphrodisiac 3 g/day; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Hypoammonemic JBH ; NO-Genic JMF1(3) ; Pituitary-Stimulant PJB1(2):260 ; Spermigenic 4 g/day WER

ASCORBIC-ACID Fruit 330 - 5,732 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 1,400 - 6,222 ppm DUKE1992A

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER ; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR ; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antigingivitic PAM ; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER ; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer WER ; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292 ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vulnerary PAM

ASH Fruit 5,800 - 57,280 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 22,000 - 154,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 88,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ASPARTIC-ACID Fruit 490 - 4,387 ppm DUKE1992A

Antimorphinic MAR ; Neuroexcitant MAR ; Roborant M11

BEHENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

Cosmetic JBH

BENZALDEHYDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R594 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial LAF337 ; Anticancer ARO95:16 ; Antipeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ARO95:16 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 150-800 ARC ; Immunostimulant ARO95:16 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Narcotic M11 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.82 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=820 uM JAF46:1268 ID50=87 ug/ml JAF46:1268

BENZYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Albuminurigenic KOM ; Allergenic M&R235 ; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial MAR ; Antibiotic PM61:233 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antineoplastic JBH ; Antinitrosaminic PM61:233 ; Antitumor PM61:233 ; Antiviral PM61:233 ; Flatulent RWG30 ; Fungicide JBH ; Herbicide IC100=0.4 mM 438 ; Insecticide PM61:233 ; Irritant KOM ; Laxative 90 mg cow RWG17 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Viristat KOM

BENZYLSENEVOL Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-CAROTENE Fruit 10 - 123 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 116 - 514 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic PAM ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Colorant JBH ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH

BETA-PHELLANDRENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Expectorant JBH ; Fungicide HH2 ; Perfumery M11

BORON Fruit 5 - 15 ppm DUKE1992A

Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiosteoporotic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B

BUTYL-ALCOHOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

CNS-Depressant M29 ; Dermatitigenic M11

BUTYL-BENZOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BUTYL-HEXANOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CALCIUM Fruit 100 - 2,792 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 3,440 - 23,800 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CALLOSE Latex Exudate: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CAOUTCHOUC Latex Exudate 45,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARBOHYDRATES Fruit 95,000 - 991,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 113,000 - 556,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 155,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARICIN Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARPAINE Bark: DUKE1992A Leaf 1,000 - 1,500 ppm DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A Seed: DUKE1992A

Amebicide W&W ; Antibacterial W&W ; Antidysenteric FT68(4):327 ; Antitubercular IWU ; Antitumor QJC28(4):257 ; Cardiodepressant IWU ; Cardiotonic JBH ; CNS-Depressant LRN-AUG91 ; Diuretic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive FT68(4):327 ; Paralytic 500 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide POP:122 ; Respiradepressant QJC28(4):257 ; Trichuricide DUKE1992B ; Vasoconstrictor DUKE1992B ; Vermicide QJC28(4):258

CARPASEMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARPOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic DUKE1992B ; Antienteritic DUKE1992B ; Cardiac QJC28(4):258 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CARYOPHYLLENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382

CHRYSANTHEMEXANTHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHYMOPAPAIN-A Latex Exudate: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHYMOPAPAIN-B Latex Exudate: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CITRIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R610 ; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm MAR ; Anticalculic JE26:81 ; Anticoagulant M11 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant Synergist M11 ; Antiseborrheic LRN-JUN89 ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Disinfectant M29 ; FLavor FEMA 370-4,400 ARC ; Hemostat JE26:81 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Litholytic M29 ; Odontolytic ZEB ; Refrigerant MAR

COPPER Fruit 0.1 - 5 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic DAS ; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Schizophrenigenic DAS

COTININE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-GALACTOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-GALACTURONIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DECANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DEHYDROCARPAINES Leaf 1,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DEHYDROCARPAMINES Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EO Seed 900 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EPSILON-CAROTENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Colorant JBH

ETHYL-ACETATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Carminative DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant M29 ; FLavor FEMA 20-1,500 ARC ; Respirotoxic >400 ppm ARC ; Stimulant DUKE1992B

ETHYL-ALCOHOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ETHYL-BENZOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

FLavor FEMA 2-60 ARC

ETHYL-BUTYRATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

FLavor FEMA 30-1,4000 ARC

ETHYL-OCTANOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FAT Fruit 980 - 22,000 ppm DUKE1992A Latex Exudate 24,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Leaf 8,000 - 136,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 253,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FIBER Fruit 6,960 - 75,538 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 18,000 - 145,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 170,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Laxative DUKE1992B

FLAVONOLS Leaf 2,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GAMMA-CAROTENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Colorant JBH ; Previtamin-A DUKE1992B

GAMMA-OCTALACTONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GAMMA-TERPINENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC23=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antifeedant HH3 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

GERANYL-ACETONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery Fragrance ZEB

GERMACRENE-D Fruit: DUKE1992A

Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromone DUKE1992B

GLUCOTROPAEOLIN Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GLUTAMIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B ; Antihyperammonemic M29 ; Antilithic PAM ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antiretardation JBH ; Anxiolytic M11 ; Neurotoxic JBH

GLYCINE Fruit 180 - 1,611 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacid M29 ; Antialdosteronic PAM ; Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) M29 ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antigastritic M29 ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antisickling PM56(1):41 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Neuroinhibitor WER ; Uricosuric DUKE1992B

HEPTAN-2-ONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HEPTANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HEXADECENOIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HEXANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; FLavor FEMA <1-5 ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

HISTIDINE Fruit 50 - 448 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antinephritic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiulcer JE26:80 ; Antiuremic JBH ; Essential JBH ; Oxidant PC27:976

IRON Fruit 0.8 - 38 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 8 - 38 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOAMYL-ACETATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery Fragrance ZEB

ISOLEUCINE Fruit 80 - 716 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic? M29 ; Antipellagric MAR ; Essential JBH

KILOCALORIES Fruit 390 - 3,491 /kg DUKE1992A Leaf 740 /kg; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

KRYPTOFLAVIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

KRYPTOXANTHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LAURIC-ACID Fruit 10 - 90 ppm DUKE1992A Seed: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial TFLNO.86 ; Antiviral TFLNO.86 ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS

LEUCINE Fruit 160 - 1,432 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential JBH

LINALOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LINALOL-OXIDE-A Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LINALOL-OXIDE-B Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LINOLEIC-ACID Fruit 60 - 537 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 5,389 ppm; DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189 ; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antiarthritic EMP6:189 ; Anticoronary JBH ; Antieczemic EMP6:189 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antigranular DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; AntiMS EMP6:189 ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic SN146:421 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Immunomodulator EMP6:189 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Metastatic SN146:421 ; Nematicide NIG

LYCOPENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Anticancer (Bladder) NR56:35 ; Anticancer (Breast) NR56:35 ; Anticancer (Cervix) NR56:35 ; Anticancer (Prostate) NR56:35 ; Antioxidant CRH(FEB):13.1997 ; Antiprostatitic CRH(FEB):13.1997 ; Antiradicular DUKE1992B ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Antitumor (Bladder) NR56:35 ; Antitumor (Breast) NR56:35 ; Antitumor (Cervix) NR56:35 ; Antitumor (Prostate) NR56:35 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Colorant DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic 60 mg/man/day/3 mos NR56:35 ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096

LYSINE Fruit 250 - 2,238 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialkalotic M29 ; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day; Essential JBH ; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg M29

MAGNESIUM Fruit 82 - 1,058 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER ; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Calcium-Antagonist RWG125 ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Uterorelaxant WER ; Vasodilator WER

MALIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A Latex Exudate 4,400 ppm; DUKE1992A

Bacteristat DUKE1992B ; Bruchiphobe 382 ; Hemopoietic DUKE1992B ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sialogogue M29

MANGANESE Fruit 0.1 - 1.1 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiototic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

METHIONINE Fruit 20 - 179 ppm DUKE1992A

Anticataract PAM ; Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl M29 ; Antidote (Paracetamol) M29 ; Antieczemic JE26:80 ; Antihepatotic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 1-5 g day WER ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Emetic M29 ; Essential JBH ; Glutathionigenic M29 ; Hepatoprotective ACN:207 ; Lipotropic M11 ; Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x day/man/orl MAR ; Urine-Deodorant M29

METHYL-ACETATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Perfumery ARC ; Trypsin-Enhancer CAN

METHYL-ALCOHOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-GERANATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-HEXANOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-OCTANOATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-SALICYLATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Allergenic MAR ; Analgesic JE26:76 ; Antiinflammatory PM56(6):660 ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular JPP42:205 ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JE26:76 ; Counterirritant M11 ; Dentifrice ARC ; FLavor FEMA 70-8,000 ARC ; Insectifuge JCE20:2847 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

METHYL-THIOCYANATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MUFA Fruit 380 - 3,402 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

MUTATOCHROM Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MYOSMINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Insecticide IC43= 800 ug/adult 438 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

MYRCENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

MYRISTIC-ACID Fruit 70 - 627 ppm DUKE1992A Seed: DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cosmetic JBH ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG

MYROSIN Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

N-ACETYL-HEXOSAMIDASE Latex Exudate: DUKE1992A

Bacteriolytic DUKE1992B ; Mycolytic HBB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

NEOXANTHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

Colorant JBH ; Ubiquiot JBH

NIACIN Fruit 3 - 33 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 21 - 93 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NICOTINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Addictive PJN1(1):181 ; Analgesic 2 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Anorectic JE32:182 ; ANS-Paralytic 411 ; ANS-Stimulant 411 ; Antiestrogenic EMP6:189 ; Antifeedant DUKE1992B ; Antifumitory EMP6:189 ; Cardiovascular 0.25 mg/kg ivn dog BBE ; Cholinergic DUKE1992B ; Dopaminigenic QJC28(4):258 ; Ectoparasiticide M11 ; Epinephrininergic JE32:183 ; Herbicide IC57=5 mM 438 ; Hyperglycemic JE32:183 ; Insecticide IC100=1,000 ppm 438 ; Nematistat NIG ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Serotoninergic JE32:185 ; Tranquilizer PJB1(1):181

NONANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

OCTANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

OLEIC-ACID Fruit 180 - 1,611 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 193,545 - 202,400 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

PALMITIC-ACID Fruit 320 - 2,865 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 28,791 - 30,107 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; FLavor FEMA 1 ARC ; Hemolytic BIS ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Soap JBH

PALMITOLEIC-ACID Fruit 200 - 1,790 ppm DUKE1992A

Soap JBH

PANTOTHENIC-ACID Fruit 2 - 19 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 100-500 mg/day WER ; Antiarthritic 500-2,000 mg/day; Anticephalagic JBH ; Anticlaudificant? M29 ; Antidermatitic JAD ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antihypercholesterolemic 300 mg/meal WER ; Antiielus? M29 ; Antiinsomniac? M29 ; Antirheumatitic? M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525

PAPAIN Fruit: DUKE1992A Latex Exudate 53,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic MAR ; Ancylostomicide DUKE1992B ; Anthelminthic DUKE1992B ; Anticoagulant DUKE1992B ; Antidyspeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic DUKE1992B ; Antigastritic DUKE1992B ; Antigenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic DUKE1992B ; Ascaricide DUKE1992B ; Cerumenolytic CPA ; Digestive M11 ; Embryotoxic DUKE1992B ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Isoptericide DUKE1992B ; Keratolytic DUKE1992B ; Mucolytic ACM:199 ; Nematicide M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Proteolytic M11 ; Taenicide DUKE1992B ; Teratogenic DUKE1992B ; Trichuricide DUKE1992B ; Vulnerary DUKE1992B

PENTADECANE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PENTAN-2,4-DIONE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PHENYLACETONITRILE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PHENYLALANINE Fruit 90 - 806 ppm DUKE1992A

AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl M29 ; Antidepressant 50-4,000 mg/day/man; Antiparkinsonian 200-500 mg/day/man MAR ; Antisickling 690 ug/ml; Antivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man M29 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600 mg/man/day MAR

PHOSPHORUS Fruit 45 - 1,260 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 1,420 - 6,311 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

PHYTOENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PHYTOFLUENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

POTASSIUM Fruit 2,294 - 25,469 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 6,520 - 28,978 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive DAS ; Antispasmodic DAS ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B

PROLINE Fruit 100 - 895 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROP-2-YL-BUTYRATE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROPYL-ALCOHOL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTEIN Fruit 5,000 - 57,370 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 70,000 - 326,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 243,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PSEUDOCARPAINE Leaf 100 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PUFA Fruit 310 - 2,775 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacne MAR ; Antieczemic MAR ; AntiMS MAR ; Antipolyneuritic MAR

RESIN Latex Exudate 28,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RIBOFLAVIN Fruit 0.3 - 3 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 5 - 21 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

SERINE Fruit 150 - 1,343 ppm DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525

SFA Fruit 430 - 3,850 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SODIUM Fruit 26 - 554 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 160 - 711 ppm DUKE1992A

Hypertensive DAS

STEARIC-ACID Fruit 20 - 179 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 12,650 - 13,282 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Cosmetic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Suppository JBH

SUCROSE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Aggregant PAM ; Antihiccup 1 tsp M29 ; Antiophthalmic M29 ; Antioxidant M11 ; Atherogenic PAM ; Collyrium JBH ; Demulcent JBH ; Flatugenic PFH46:77 ; Hypercholesterolemic PAM ; Preservative M11 ; Sweetener 1 x sucrose M11 ; Triglycerigenic PAM ; Uricogenic PAM ; Vulnerary M29

SULFUR Fruit 300 - 900 ppm DUKE1992A

Acarifuge DUKE1992B ; Antiacne M29 ; Antiarthritic WER ; Antidandruff M29 ; Antigrey M29 ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiseborrheic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Comedogenic M29 ; Keratolytic M29 ; Laxative M29 ; Parasiticide M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Scabicide M29

TANNINS Leaf 5,000 - 6,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TARTARIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

Acidifier JBH ; Additive ARC ; Antioxidant Synergist M29 ; FLavor FEMA 500-10,000 ARC ; Irritant ZEB ; Sequestrant ARC

TERPINOLENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Deodorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 15-60 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THIAMIN Fruit 0.2 - 2.6 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 1 - 4 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THREONINE Fruit 110 - 985 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Essential JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1,000 ARC

TRIACETIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TRYPTOPHAN Fruit 80 - 716 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic 750 mg/4x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antianxiety 500-1,000 mg/meal WER ; Antidementia 3 g/day WER ; Antidepressant 1-3 g/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidyskinetic 2-8 g/orl/wmn/day M29 ; Antihypertensive JAF36:1079 ; Antiinsomniac 1-3 g/day WER ; Antimanic 12 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Antimenopausal 6 g/day WER ; Antimigraine 500 mg/man/4x/day M29 ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 2 g 3 x/day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antipsychotic 12 g/man/day M29 ; Antirheumatic M29 ; Carcinogenic CRC ; Essential JBH ; Hypnotic M29 ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:157 ; Hypotensive 3 g/day WER ; Insulinase-Inhibitor EMP6:157 ; Insulinotonic JAF36:1079 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Prolactinogenic PAM ; Sedative 3-10 g/man/day; Serotoninergic 6-12 g/day/orl/man MAR ; Tumor-Promoter JAF36:1079

TYROSINE Fruit 50 - 448 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidepressant?; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/kg day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antiulcer 256 mg scu BBE 400 mg/kg ipr rat BBE ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM

VALINE Fruit 100 - 895 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 ARC

VIOLAXANTHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

Colorant JBH ; Ubiquiot JBH

VIT-B-6 Fruit 0.2 - 1.7 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

WATER Fruit 865,000 - 918,300 ppm DUKE1992A Latex Exudate 750,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Leaf 697,000 - 703,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ZEAXANTHIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Colorant JBH ; Hepatoprotective X9387190 ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer PS131:95

ZINC Fruit 1.8 - 5.4 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

500: Jim Duke's personal files

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files

ACM:199: Jim Duke's personal files

ACN:207: Jim Duke's personal files

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

ARO95:16: Jim Duke's personal files

ARS:451: Ferretti, A., Flanagan, V. P. 1996. Antithromboxane Activity of Dietary Alpha-linolenic Acid: A Pilot Study. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids, 54(6): 451-455. ARS, USDA.

BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).

BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files

CPA: Can. Pharm. Assoc. Medication. 1988

CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.

CPB38:3086: Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.

CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses

CRH(FEB):13.1997: Jim Duke's personal files

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.

EMP1:53: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.

EMP6:157: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 157.

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.

FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.

FIH: Cunane, S. and Thompson, L. U., eds. 1995. Flaxseed in Human Nutrition. AOCS Press, Champaign IL. 384 pp.

FT68(4):327: Jim Duke's personal files

GAS: Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)

HBB: Jim Duke's personal files

HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.

IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.

JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.

JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

JAF36:1079: J. Agri. & Food Chemistry, 36: 1079.

JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.

JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JCE20:2847: Hardie, J., Isaacs, R., Pickett,* J.A., Wadhams, L.J., and Woodcock, C.M. 1994. Methyl Salicylate and (-)-(1R,5S)-Myrtenal are Plant-Derived Repellents for Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. of Chemical Ecology, 20(11):2847.

JE26:76: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:81: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:182: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:183: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:185: Jim Duke's personal files

JMF1(3): Jim Duke's personal files

JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.

JNP56:935: Bowers, W.S., Ortego, F., You, X., and Evans, P.H. Insect Repellents From The Chinese Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Journal of Natural Products, 56(6): 935-938, 1993.

JNU: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:205: O'Connell, M.J., Webster, N.R. 1989. Hyperoxia and salicylate metabolism in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 205-206, 1990.

JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.

JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.

JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.

K26575: Jim Duke's personal files

KOM: Commission E. Blumenthal,M.,Hall,T. and Rister,R.S. eds.1997.The ABC's German Commission E Monographs - Therapeutic Monographs on Medicinal Plants for Human Use by Commission E - A Special Expert Committee of the German Federal Health Agency.ABC.Austin TX

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.

LRN-AUG91: Jim Duke's personal files

LRN-JUN89: Jim Duke's personal files

LRN-SEP91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-91.

M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R235: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R495: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R594: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MTM: Jim Duke's personal files

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

NR56:35: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC27:969: Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.

PC27:976: Jim Duke's personal files

PEP: Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.

PFH46:77: Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.

PJB1(1): Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):260: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):289: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):238: Jim Duke's personal files

PJN1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PM&T20:213.1986: Jim Duke's personal files.

PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.

PM56(6):660: Planta Medica, 56(6): 660, 1990.

PM61:233: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID10830511: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:122: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:153: Jim Duke's personal files

PS131:95: Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.

QJC28(4):257: Jim Duke's personal files

QJC28(4):258: Jim Duke's personal files

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.

RWG125: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG30: Jim Duke's personal files

SN146:421: Science News, 146: 421.

SNE137:292: Jim Duke's personal files.

SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.

TFLNO.86: Jim Duke's personal files

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.

W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

X9387190: Jim Duke's personal files

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

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