Copaiba oil contains a significant amount of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene plant chemical that has shown in laboratory studies to exert anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, and diuretic effects in vivo and antimicrobial, smooth muscle relaxant and cytotoxic actions in vitro.* Copaiba is also the highest known plant source of another chemical named caryophyllene. Caryophyllene is a well known plant chemical which has been documented in laboratory studies with anti-inflammatory effects (among other actions).* Many of copaiba's traditional uses and tested biological actions are attributed to these two chemicals. To learn more about this wonderful rainforest plant, go to the Tropical Plant Database file on Copaiba.

Direct from the Amazon, Raintree Nutrition's Copaiba Oil is 100% pure without any additives or preservatives. It is rich in active and beneficial phytochemicals which occur naturally in this plant. This high quality product has been sustainably wild harvested in Amazon Rainforest by tapping the tree, much like tapping for rubber or maple syrup. It is a wonderful sustainable resource from the rainforest. This product is backed by Raintree's Unconditional Guarantee.

Traditional Uses:* as a topical analgesic (pain-reliever) and anti-inflammatory for wounds, rashes, dermatitis, bug bites, boils, and psoriasis; as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and antimicrobial agent for internal and external bacterial infections; for nail and skin fungi; for skin cancer; for stomach ulcers and stomach cancer

Ingredients: 100% all natural Copaiba resin (Copaifera officinalis and Copaifera langsdorffii). This product is non-irradiated and non-fumigated. It is a wild harvested product—grown naturally in the Brazilian Amazon without any pesticides or fertilizers.
Suggested Use: Internal use: Take 30-60 drops (1-2 ml) twice daily. External Use: Apply directly to skin as desired.
Contraindications: Not to be used internally during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
Other Practitioner Observations:

• Avoid contact with mucous membranes, as the resin can act as an irritant.
• Those sensitive to the resin may experience a measles-like rash accompanied by irritation, itching and/or tingling when using topically or taking internally. Discontinue use if these effects occur or cut with another oil.
• Do not take internally in large dosages (more than 5 ml). Large dosages have been reported to cause nausea, vomiting, fever, and rashes. Discontinue or reduce dosage if these effects occur.

This Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. All available third-party research on copaiba can be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on copaiba is shown below:

Anti-inflammatory & Pain-relieving Actions:
Gomes, N. M., "Antinociceptive activity of Amazonian Copaiba oils." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Feb; 109(3): 486-92.
Veiga Junior, V., et al. "The inhibition of paw oedema formation caused by the oil of Copaifera multijuga Hayne and its fractions." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2006; 58(10): 1405-10.
Paiva, L. A., et al. “Anti-inflammatory effect of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene from Copaifera langsdorffi on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.” Vascul. Pharmacol. 2002 Dec; 39(6):303-7.
Veiga, V. F., et al. “Phytochemical and antioedematogenic studies of commercial copaiba oils available in Brazil.” Phytother. Res. 2001; 15(6): 476–80.
Ghelardini, C., et al. “Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene.” Farmaco. 2001; 56(5-7): 387-9.
Cascon, V., et al. “Characterization of the chemical composition of oleoresins of Copaifera guianensis Desf., Copaifera duckei Dwyer and Copaifera multijuna Hayne.” Phytochemistry. 2000; 55(7): 773–78.
Basile, A. C., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of oleoresin from Brazilian Copaifera.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22: 101–9.
Fernandes, R. M., Contribuicao para o conhecimento do efito antiiinflamatorio e analgesico do balsamo de copaiba e alguns de seus constituintes quimicos. Thesis, 1986. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

Cytotoxic & Anticancerous Actions:
Cavalcanti, B. C., et al. “Genotoxicity evaluation of kaurenoic acid, a bioactive diterpenoid present in Copaiba oil.” Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006; 44(3): 388-92.
Krauchenco, S., et al. “Three-dimensional structure of an unusual Kunitz (STI) type trypsin inhibitor from Copaifera langsdorffii.” Biochimie. 2004; 86(3): 167-72.
Lima, S. R., et al. “In vivo and in vitro studies on the anticancer activity of Copaifera multijuga Hayne and its fractions.” Phytother. Res. 2003 Nov; 17(9): 1048-53.
Costa-Lotufo, L. V., et al. “The cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene isolated from Copaifera langsdorffi.” Toxicon. 2002; 40(8): 1231–34.
de Almeida Alves, T. M., et al. “Biological screening of Brazilian medicinal plants.”Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95(3): 367–73.
Ohsaki, A., et al. “The isolation and in vivo potent antitumor activity of clerodane diterpenoids from the oleoresin of Brazilian medicinal plant Copaifera langsdorfii Desfon.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994; 4: 2889–92.

Antimicrobial Actions:
Cotoras, M., et al. “Characterization of the antifungal activity on Botrytis cinerea of the natural diterpenoids kaurenoic acid and 3beta-hydroxy-kaurenoic acid.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 May; 52(10): 2821-6.
Sartori, M. R., et al. “Antifungal activity of fractions and two pure compounds of flowers from Wedelia paludosa (Acmela brasiliensis) (Asteraceae).” Pharmazie. 2003; 58(8): 567-9.
Tincusi, B. M., et al. “Antimicrobial terpenoids from the oleoresin of the Peruvian medicinal plant Copaifera paupera." Planta Med. 2002; 68(9): 808–12.
Wilkins, M., et al. “Characterization of the bactericidal activity of the natural diterpene kaurenoic acid.” Planta Med. 2002 68(5): 452–54.
Yang, D., et al. “Use of caryophyllene oxide as an antifungal agent in an in vitro experimental model of onychomycosis.” Mycopathologia. 1999; 148(2): 79–82.
Davino, S. C., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of kaurenoic acid derivatives substituted on carbon-15.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1989; 22(9): 1127–29.
Maruzzella, J. C., et al. “Antibacterial activity of essential oil vapors.” J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1960; 49: 692–94.

Anti-spasmodic & Muscle-Relaxant Actions:
Tirapelli, C. R., et al. “Pharmacological comparison of the vasorelaxant action displayed by kaurenoic acid and pimaradienoic acid.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005; 57(8): 997-1004.
Ambrosio, S. R., et al. “Role of the carboxylic group in the antispasmodic and vasorelaxant action displayed by kaurenoic acid.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56(11): 1407-13.
Tirapelli, C. R., et al. “Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxant action of kaurenoic acid in the isolated rat aorta.” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004 May; 492(2-3): 233-41.
de Alencar, et al. “Smooth muscle relaxant effect of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene from Copaifera langsdorffii on rat uterus in vitro.” Phytother. Res. 2003; 17(4): 320-4.

Cellular Protective, Anti-ulcer & Wound Healing Actions:
Cho, J. Y., et al. "Amelioration of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by oral administration of beta-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene." Life Sci. 2006 Nov 29;
Chang, H. J., et al. "Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for neuroprotective activity of terpenoids." Life Sci. 2006 Nov 10;
de Araujo, F. A., et al. ”Copaiba oil effect on aminotransferases of rats with hepatic ischemia and reperfusion with and without ischemic preconditioning.” Acta Cir. Bras. 2005 Jan-Feb; 20(1): 93-9.
Brito, M. V., et al. “Copaiba oil effect on urea and creatinine serum levels in rats submitted to kidney ischemia and reperfusion syndrome” Acta Cir. Bras. 2005 May-Jun; 20(3): 243-6
Paiva, L. A., et al. “Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury by oleo-resin from Copaifera langsdorffii in rats.” Life Sci. 2004 Sep 3; 75(16): 1979-87.
Paiva, L. A., et al. “Protective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oleo-resin against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jul; 93(1): 51-6.
Paiva, L. A., et al. “Investigation on the wound healing activity of oleo-resin from Copaifera langsdorfii in rats.” Phytother. Res. 2002; 16(8): 737–39.
Paiva, L. A., et al. “Gastroprotective effect of Copifera langsdorffii oleo-resin on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 62(1): 73–8.
Tambe, Y., et al. “Gastric cytoprotection of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene, beta-caryophyllene.” Planta Med. 1996; 62(5): 469–70.

Insecticidal Actions:
de Mendonca, F. A., et al. "Activities of some Brazilian plants against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti." Fitoterapia. 2005 Dec; 76(7-8): 629-36.

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Copaiba Tech Report -- A Technical Plant Data Report is available for copaiba.